Innovations

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/elizabeth-freeman

founder A New Way of Life (ANWOL) 1998 they provide services needed by women to improve their lives after incarceration & it has become a national model for reform; advocate for end of mass incarceration; with Melissa Burch started LEAD Program (Leadership, Education, Action & Dialogue); is a certified chemical dependency counselor; now has 5 transitional houses in LA as part of ANWOL; co-founder of All of Us or None (AOUON) & Formerly Incarcerated & Convicted People & Families Movement (FICPFM); launched SAFE (Sisterhood Alliance for Freedom & Equality) Housing Network

Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935, established the organization's flagship journal Aframerican Women's Journal,[3][4] and presided as president or leader for a myriad of African American women's organizations including the National Association for Colored Women and the National Youth Administration's Negro Division.[5] She also was appointed as a national advisor to president Franklin D. Roosevelt, whom she worked with to create the Federal Council on Colored Affairs, also known as the Black Cabinet.[6] She is well-known for starting a private school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida. It later continued to develop as Bethune-Cookman University. She was the sole African American woman officially a part of the US delegation that created the United Nations charter,

After passing the California bar exam in 1945, Murray was hired as the state's first black deputy attorney general in January of the following year.[54] That year, the National Council of Negro Women named her its "Woman of the Year" and Mademoiselle magazine did the same in 1947.[6] In 1949, Murray was the unsuccessful Liberal Party candidate for a seat in the New York City Council from Brooklyn.[55] Murray was the first Black woman hired as an associate attorney at the Paul, Weiss law firm in New York City, working there from 1956 to 1960. Murray was the firm's second Black associate after Bill Coleman. She first met Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Paul, Weiss, when Ginsburg was briefly a summer associate there.[56]

American activist who was the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court case Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. regarding employment discrimination. Two years after the Supreme Court decided that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow employers to be sued for pay discrimination more than 180 days after an employee's first paycheck, the United States Congress passed a fair pay act in her name to remedy this issue, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009.

1889 co-founded Hull House with Ellen G. Starr first settlement house in Chicago; 1908 founding member of Chicago School of Civics & Philanthropy; 1909 first woman president of the National Conference of Charities & Corrections; 1920 co-founder of ACLU; 1901 founded Juvenile Protection Association (provided probation officers for first Juvenile Court in U.S.); first vice president of the Playground Association of America; 1905 charter member of the American Sociological Society; charter member of NAACP; 1907 founding member of National Child Labor Committee

advocate for economic racial & sexual justice & equity; started MeToo movement

urban revitilization strategist environmental activisim concentrating on The Bronx NY

Pioneering work about on-going contributions of Afro-Latin Caribbean & African Communities advancing American understanding of Black culture

Seminal contributions to human factors engineering and ergonomics; Therblig (1 of the manual visual or mental elements into which an industrial manual operation may be analyzed in time & motion study); time & motion studies; efficiency expert; linear-kitchen layouts; invented foot-pedal trash can adding shelves to refrigerator doors improved electric can opener wall-light switches & wastewater hose for washing machines

American sociologist. From May 2011 until August 2014, Marrett served as the deputy director of the National Science Foundation.[1]

specialized in the anthropology of the Caribbean; 1955 founded the Research Institute for the Study of Man (RISM) to field train students support Caribbean based scholars & perform multidisciplinary research in the English-speaking Caribbean; studied aging & longevity

conducted multidisciplinary work across anthropology, psychology, & social science; defined ethical relativism as a person's moprals are completely shaped by their culture; believed the purpose of anthropology "is to make the world safe for human differences;" wrote "The Races of Mankind" a pamphlet for American troops with Gene Weltfish , it used simple language & cartoon illustrations to present the scientific case against racist beliefs & the evidence for human equality; wrote "The Chrysanthemum & The Sword" in 1945 (published 1946) that was a study of the society & culture of Japan, it is an example of anthropology at a distance using cultural materials to study when direct contact is not available; 1941 founded the Institute for Interculture Studies

The driving force behind the law was FDR’s secretary of labor, Frances Perkins. She was the first woman to hold a U.S. Cabinet position and still holds the record for having the longest tenure in that job: she served from 1933 to 1945.

* West used computers to deliver increasingly precise calculations for the shape of the Earth, describing it as an ellipsoid with additional undulations known as the geoid * Used complex algorithms to account for variations in the gravitational, tidal, and other forces that distort Earth's shape to create an accurate geopotential model * Published "Data Processing System specifications for the GEOSAT Satellite Radar Altimeter" in 1986 * This work led to the mathematical modeling of the shape of the Earth & the development of GPS.

after suffering a concussion she founded Tozuda Safety & designed the Head Impact Indicator a nonelectrical mechanical device that attaches to the back of any type of helmet & is used to detect potential concussions;

Developer of Item Response Theory; developed 2 item response software programs that analyse PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) & TIMSS data; worked with G.A.Watterson on the Watterson Estimator (a method for describing the genetic diversity in a population); voices concerns about the measure of standardized testing & argues for not using NAPLAN (National Assessment Program Literacy & Numeracy)

* Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical representation of statistics" and is especially well known for her usage of a polar area diagram to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. * Made extensive use of graphs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. * Nightingale also made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. In 1859, Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society.

cataloging work was instrumental in development of contemporary stellar classifications

* Walker was 1st female surgeon in the US Army during the Civil War, denied a commission because she was a female * Was captured by Confederate soldiers after crossing enemy lines to treat wounded civilians and imprisoned for 4 months before being released in a prisoner exchange * Began wearing men's clothing during the Civil War because it was less restrictive & more sanitary than trailing long skirts though dirt * Frequently arrested for wearing men's clothing * Only female recipient of the Medal of Honor. Her Medal of Honor was revoked in 1917 because she was a civilian. She refused to return it & wore it every day until she died. The medal was restored in 1977.

* Braunwald designed & fabricated the 1st artificial mitral valve prostheses (1959) & led the team that implanted it in a human (1960). * She developed a cloth covered mechanical valve known as the Braunwald-Cutter Valve and the stented aortic hemograft (a graft of human tissue) for mitral valve replacement. She specialized in surgical treatment of chronic thromboembolic disease, & pioneering techniques for the use of tissue cultures to discourage the formation of clots when prosthetic valves & circulatory assist devices are used. * She helped design a cardiopulmonary bypass machine and developed a pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass pump.

* Brown was the first female surgeon of African American ancestry who practiced in Nashville, Tennessee. * As an elected member of the Tennessee General Assembly, she unsuccessfully championed the expansion of abortion rights to include cases of rape or incest. * Brown also worked to expand the already existing legally permitted abortions in cases when the "mother's life was in danger".

* Ward’s research involves the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing metal binding properties * Uses include medicinal chemistry, organic sensors, semiconductors * Goal is to synthesize derivatives that have improved metal binding efficiency.

Launched Web 2.0 2007; founded NewMe 2011 founded CEO & Director of Streamlytics 2018; diversified tech industry; provided solar electricity to 10 rural poor villages in Africa

was a German entrepreneur who invented the paper coffee filter brewing system in 1908. She founded the namesake company Melitta

Invented padded narrow curved collapsible ironing board; holds 1 patent

success in the innovative field as well as her mother as she had over 10 inventions.

video home security system; holds 1 patent

1st hand-powered dish washer using water pressure instead of scrubbers to clean dishes & used hot water; holds 5 patents

Invented first outdoor metal fire escape 1887; 1st woman in the US to submit a patent application without any known assistance from a male; her invention led to the 1st building codes in New York city, they required a second means of exit to escape buildings in an emergencyholds 1 patent

Invented signal flares still used by US Navy; holds 2 patents

African-American inventor who revolutionized the chore of laundry with the invention of the clothes wringer for washing machines

second known African-American woman to receive a United States patent which she received in 1885 for a cabinet bed

invention of liquid paper as correction fluid for typists

invented approximately 87 items les than 30 were patented; most notable invention was for mass-production of flat-bottomed paper bags

at the beginning of WWII with composer George Antheil developed a radio guidance system for Allied torpedoes that used spread spectrum & frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by Axis powers; frequency hopping communications system became the basis for WiFi Bluetooth & GPS

co-founded Indefinite Possibilities Conference 2003 to promote educate encourage & support minority women underrepresented in mathematics & statistics; 2020 founder & managing partner of Intersecting Lines LLC a company using creative approaches to empower leaders to use data science statistics & technology to drive business decisions

*With Andrea Sreshta, co-inventor of LuminAid Solar Light (2010) *Holds 14 patents *Her life mission is to make safe light & energy accessible to all *Was an architecture student at the time of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti that motivated her invention

The first invention credited to Parpart is a street sweeper designed to automate the process of cleaning city streets. Parpart filed two patents for this invention (No. 649,609[32] in 1899 and no. 762,241 in 1901), both of which listed Hiram D. Layman as co-inventor despite his being only an investor. The sweeper was designed to reduce the manual labor involved in street sweeping by providing an automated mechanism to "efficiently gather dirt from the street-surface regardless of inequalities" and deliver the dirt by an onboard elevator to a storage receptacle that could then discharge it into carts. Also important in the design was that the sweeper would be covered, reducing dirt and dust in the air during its operation. An early electric refrigerator was invented by Florence Parpart in 1914. She holds patents for industrial swe.eping machine & electrical refrigerator