Innovations

* Noether’s 1915 theory says symmetries in the universe give rise to mathematical conservation laws * Involves work on differential invariants in the calculus of variations * In physics, Noether's theorem explains the connection between symmetry and conservation laws * Noether's theorem has been called "one of the most important mathematical theorems ever proved in guiding the development of modern physics" * As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she further developed theories of rings, fields, and algebras.

* Green was one of the first African American models hired to promote a corporate trademark and became the advertising world's first living trademark. * She made her debut as Aunt Jemima at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, beside the "world's largest flour barrel" (twenty-four feet high), where she operated a pancake-cooking display, sang songs, and promoted the product. * She continued to work for the Quaker Oats Company for 20 years. * In 2014 a lawsuit was filed against Quaker Oats, PepsiCo, and others, claiming that Green and Anna Short Harrington (who portrayed Aunt Jemima starting in 1935) were exploited by the company and cheated out of the monetary compensation they were promised, seeking a multi-billion dollar settlement for descendants of Green and Harrington. * The lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice and without leave to amend on February 18, 2015.

Brill developed the concept for a new rocket engine, inventing the Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster (EHT/Resistojet) for which she holds US Patent No. 3,807,657. Her innovation resulted in not only higher engine performance, but also increased the reliability of the propulsion system. She also proposed the use of a single propellant because of the value and simplicity that it would provide. The reduction in propellant weight requirements enabled either increased payload capability or extended mission life. The Resistojet proved to be more suitable for controlling satellites’ orbit and their communication. Her invention became a standard in the industry and has translated into millions of dollars of increased revenue for commercial communications satellite owners.

Crews’ work focused on protecting Spacecraft and satellites from impacts from space debris and meteoroids. It was evident that when a spacecraft collides with even minuscule pieces of space debris the damage and impact could be severe. After multiple tests, Crews soon realized that the aluminum that is used normally to build spacecraft was especially vulnerable to debris collisions. The solution she thought of was a shield comprising "multiple layers of ceramic fabric, open-cell foam and other materials." This layered shield repeatedly shocked impacting particles in order to protect the spacecraft. She created a shield from fabric to make it weigh less, yet have more strength. This is known as the flexible multi-shock shield.

Darden’s first assignment at NASA was to write a computer program for sonic boom – the sound associated with shock waves created by an aircraft flying faster than the speed of sound. That assignment led to a 30-year career in flight research, specializing in supersonic noise characterization, analysis and reduction. By 1989 Darden was the sonic boom group technical lead for NASA’s High Speed Research Program. She worked with her team on designs to decrease the environmental effects of supersonic aircraft, including noise and atmospheric pollution. Darden and the team also developed sonic boom prediction and other analysis codes used extensively by the aerospace industry in aircraft designs in the late 20th century.

Hernández’s work as a micrometeoroid and orbital debris specialist ensured the safety of spacecraft in relation to orbital debris and other obstacles, such as radiation, through many analyses and assessments. During Hernánandez’s time with STABLE, she completed a project called Comet Sliding Spring which led Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Odyssey, and MAVEN safely in the comet event as Comet Siding Spring passed extremely close to Mars on 19 October 2014. This led Hernánandez to work with the Mars team for their mission. Hernández’s contribution consisted of ensuring that instruments used by NASA were being built safely and tested them to see if they performed properly when taken out on Mars.

In 2012, Jemison made the winning bid for the DARPA 100 Year Starship project, a one-year joint U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) effort "to take the first step in the next era of space exploration—a journey between the stars". The study explored development of a viable and sustainable model for persistent, long-term, private-sector investment into the myriad of disciplines needed to make interstellar space travel practicable and feasible. The goal was to examine what it would take — organizationally, technically, sociologically and ethically — to develop the ability to send humans to another star within 100 years. As Principal, Jemison and her organization, the Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence, was awarded a $500,000 grant for further work. Jemison is also the first Black astronaut on a space flight in 1992.

In the mid-1960s, Buwalda Riggle was working at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where they were designing an unmanned moon rover that would carry out survey work ahead of the first moon landing. The project was led by scientist Phyllis Buwalda, who had been homeschooled on a ranch in Colorado and had a tough, practical intellect. Her team came to her with a problem. We’ve got absolutely no idea what the surface of the moon is like, they said. Is it going to be sandy? Will there be sharp stones? Will it be hilly? We can’t design a vehicle until we know what it’s like. Phyllis had a brilliant answer. She said: It’s like the desert in the Southwest. Off you go. People asked her afterwards – how did you know? She said: I didn’t. But if I didn’t take away the uncertainty, my team couldn’t do anything, and there wouldn’t be a moon rover. So I just picked out something that I thought was the best bet. And I ruled out things which my team simply couldn’t build for anyway. see https://www.thehrdirector.com/features/leadership/what-the-surface-of-the-moon-can-teach-us-about-leadership-in-the-covid-era/

Hersh developed a bread recipe that could be prepared on long space flights. Using fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) bags to store the dry ingredients, the bags could then be injected with water, kneaded, & baked in the bag, producing a crumbless bread.

Fanara researches the use of aquaponics for space missions. Fish can be taken into space as fertilized eggs and then grown to full size on board. Herbivorous fish like tilapia efficiently produce protein and can eat plant scraps from hydroponic systems that aren’t suitable for humans. Aquaponics combines aquaculture (raising fish) with hydroponics (growing plants without soil). It’s a sustainable system where fish waste provides nutrients for plants, and the plants filter the water for the fish. This offers a closed-loop system for food production during longer space missions.

Granville began a position at computing giant IBM in 1956, and was later part of the IBM team contracted by NASA in 1959, during the dawning days of the space race. Her job included programming early mainframe computers, where she worked on NASA's Project Vanguard satellite and first crewed Mercury launches. Granville later performed moon landing calculations as technical support for engineers on the Apollo program.

Jackson analyzed data from wind tunnel experiments and real-world aircraft flight experiments at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division at Langley. Her goal was to understand air flow, including thrust and drag forces, in order to improve United States planes. Jackson worked on Project Mercury during the Space Race, also focusing on the behavior of the boundary layer of air around airplanes.

Johnson worked as an aerospace mathematician, moving during her career to the Spacecraft Controls Branch. She calculated the trajectory for the May 5, 1961, space flight of Alan Shepard, the first American in space. She also calculated the launch window for his 1961 Mercury mission. She plotted backup navigation charts for astronauts in case of electronic failures. When NASA used electronic computers for the first time to calculate John Glenn's orbit around Earth, officials called on Johnson to verify the computer's numbers; Glenn had asked for her specifically and had refused to fly unless Johnson verified the calculations.

Mann was one of the first Black female computers for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), later NASA. At the time she was hired, the state of Virginia was segregated, as was the NACA campus at Langley, Virginia. Mann repeatedly removed the "COLORED COMPUTERS" sign segregating the cafeteria. The sign was replaced each time until Mann removed it a final time and it was never replaced. Mann also worked on John Glenn's space mission.

In leading a team of NASA mathematicians to track the orbits of Echo 1 & 2, Mouton was the head programmer who coded computer programs used to calculate the locations & trajectories of spacecraft. This gave NASA the ability to track spacecraft in orbit. Mouton is also an expert in APL (programming language developed by Kenneth Iverson) & taught it at NASA.

During her time at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Canright calculated thrust from rocket engines and analyzed the data to increase performance. One of JPL's, and Canright's, crowning achievements was the successful use of rockets for bomber aircraft. After the successful development of jet propulsion bombers, JPL shifted its focus to designing a rocket which would reach a higher altitude than a helium-filled balloon. Canright, along with Melba Nead, Virginia Prettyman, and Macie Roberts, were responsible for calculating the potential of rocket propellants. In 1943, after the success of designing and testing of a rocket propellant, Canright became pregnant with her first child. Due to the unavailability of maternity leave in 1943, Canright had to resign.

Working at NASA Ames Research Center, Cowings developed and patented a physiological training system called Autogenic-Feedback Training Exercise (AFTE), which enables people to learn voluntary self-control of up to 24 bodily responses in six hours. Her work was first tested in 1985, first focusing on ridding the astronaut's motion sickness. Later she trained four cosmonauts to control both motion sickness and low blood pressure after six months in space aboard the MIR space station. She found success with her biofeedback methods and continued to teach people how to control motion sickness, improve the performance of search and rescue pilots, and reduce symptoms of several patient populations experiencing nausea, dizziness and fainting.

Nash-Stevenson joined the United States Army Ballistic Missile Defense Systems Command. She holds a patent for an optical fiber holder. She joined the instrumentation group in Marshall Space Flight Center's avionics lab, where she worked for nearly ten years. She was awarded a NASA Fellowship in 1998, and eventually joined the space craft and vehicle systems group. During her career Nash-Stevenson worked on photon upconversion (UC). This is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms.

Ochoa was enticed by optical systems and committed to improving its applications for performing information processing. She wanted to help computers "see". NASA later recognized her methods in optics could be used in fabricating such as inspecting for flaws, or it might be used on a space vehicle such as the Rover. At the NASA Ames Research Center, she led a research group working primarily on optical systems for automated space exploration. At Sandia National Laboratories, she applied what she knew about optics to the research being done on nuclear weapons. She patented an optical system to detect defects in a repeating pattern and is a co-inventor on three patents for an optical inspection system, an optical object recognition method, and a method for noise removal in images.

Thomas invented the illusion transmitter , which uses two parabolic mirrors to transmit 3-D illusions of an object by use of a camera trained on the first mirror, which then sends video signals to a projector aimed at the second mirror. She developed it for the purpose of sending three-dimensional images across a distance. As of 2022, the technology is still used by NASA and is being adapted for use in surgery, as well as for televisions and video screens. Thomas also developed the digital media formats image processing systems used in the early years of NASA's Landsat program. After retiring from NASA in 1995, she has continued to mentor children for careers in STEM & works as a substitute teacher.

a pioneer in the development of the theory of discontinuous automatic control (also known as "on-off" and "bang-bang" systems), which has found wide application in hysteresis control systems; such applications include guidance systems, electronics, fire-control systems, and temperature regulation; published what is now known as the "Lotz method" in 1931 for calculating the lift on a three-dimensional wing, and it became a standard technique used internationally; while at Stanford conducted research in numerical methods to solve boundary layer problems in fluid dynamics, making pioneering contributions with finite difference methods and the use of computers; published the first textbook on discontinuous automatic control in 1953; 1968, the year of her retirement, she published her second book, Discontinuous and Optimal Control; made significant advancements in methods for the prediction of aerodynamic pressures on bodies, wings and turbine blades, some of which were adopted as standard procedures throughout the world;

In 1834, Ethel H. Porter of Lincolnton received a patent for her invention related to cutting feed for horses and cattle.

held 12 patents for farm buildings

cotton breeder who breeds naturally colored varieties of cotton; inventor of FoxFibre & founder of Natural Cotton Colors Inc (1989) breeds pest-resistant plants; has created 2 naturally colored cottons & launched Foxfibre Colorganics; also has received a utility patent for the flame resistant properties she discovered and bred in Coyote and Buffalo Fox Fibre®;

Tupper started keeping bees in Iowa by 1860. Shortly before the American Civil War she started to write short articles on her first experiences in beekeeping, which were published in a local newspaper. In 1871, she and Annie Savery started the Italian Bee Company, based in Des Moines, Iowa, to import and sell Italian honey bees in the American midwest. "She attends personally to all shipments of bees, honey, extractors, hives, etc., to all her correspondence and her bees," noted a profile in 1873. She attended the North American Bee-Keepers Convention in Cleveland in 1871, and in Indianapolis in 1872, and was quoted as a national expert on apiary management the following year. Tupper was editor of The Bee-Keepers' Journal from 1873 to 1875, and taught bee-keeping at the State Agricultural College of Iowa. She also wrote for American Bee Journal, Prairie Farmer, The National Bee Journal and Youth's Companion.

In the early 1970s, Appelhof began experimenting with worms and organic waste. Her home worm container would become a new career. Her vision at the time of the Stockholm Conference for the Human Environment (1972) was "tons of worms could be eating tons of garbage." Soon she was publicly advocating using the earthworm to recycle food waste. As "Worm Woman," she introduced thousands of schoolchildren and home gardeners to vermicomposting. Her 1982 book Worms Eat My Garbage is still held as seminal reading in the field of vermicomposting.

During the years of 1984-85, Brooks traveled to Togo and Senegal in West Africa. Here she researched methods to increase productivity of the African groundnut, eventually leading to increased productivity of many different food crops in West Africa. As a member of the USAID-USDA team, she assisted in establishing collaborative relationships with research centers and universities in South Africa. She also formally represented UMES in meetings with Egyptian universities.

Salvalaio joined the Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis at Imperial College London and started working with Arabidopsis thaliana. The main research topic of the lab is root electrotropism, a phenomenon that has been already observed in the past but was never deeply explored. Given the novelty of this research, challenges are always around the corner. A typical day in the lab would involve not only growing plants, but programming power supplies, soldering wires and 3-D printing as well, which makes this research even more exciting.

an American mycologist, and the first female plant pathologist hired by the United States Department of Agriculture.[5] She ran the US National Fungus Collections for almost thirty years, radically growing the collection and shaping its direction, and supervised or discovered numerous significant fungal diseases.[1]

Having learned that mycelium is buoyant and waterproof, Ayers decided to try using it to create a boat. With a mini-grant from the college, she got to work. She reached out to a mushroom company in nearby Grand Island for help, sharing her idea with owner Ash Gordon. He agreed to help immediately and offered her a summer internship so she could learn the ins and outs of fungi. By the end of her work there, Ayers grew a 7 foot 6 inch canoe named Myconoe out of fungi on 2019

explosives technician who conducted early testing at the Manhattan Project because she had small fingers & could easily reach inside bombs to set triggers; she and her group tested various configurations of the conventional explosives assemblies that would be used to detonate both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki weapons & were the assembly crew for the world's first nuclear explosion, code-named Trinity, which took place at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in a desert area of south-central New Mexico on July 16, 1945;

* Cochran suggested in 1939 to use women pilots in non-combat missions * To generate publicity for the idea of women piloting military aircraft she a bomber to Great Britain * Beginnings of WASP, a civilian women pilots' organization * Members of WASP became trained pilots who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft, and trained other pilots * Purpose was to free male pilots for combat roles during World War II.

* Hill designed spectroscopic methods and developed ways to track the progress of the reactions based on solubility * These methods were used to determine the solubility of different components in non-aqueous solutions * Enabled synthetic chemists to identify, isolate, and quantify products * Applicable processes included the polymerization of ketenes, which is used in the synthesis of plastics.

Youngest (15 y.o.) African-American female accepted into an Ivy League School; youngest African-American Engineer in the US; speaks 7 languages (English, Spanish, French, Japanese, Russian, Arabic, & German); at 17 youngest IT leader to travel to Cameroon with associate Penn students with "One Laptop Per Child"

Invented clothes wringer in 1888 but never patented it & sold the rights to a white man for $18

Ceruti is the first woman to specialize in the field of high-altitude archaeology, she was team lead on the expedition which found the Children of Llullaillaco. These mummies, 1 male & 2 female Incan children, are considered the best-preserved mummies in the world. Ceruti has also studied other Inca ceremonial centers on the summits of Andean peaks above 6000 meters. She is a pioneer in the anthropological study of sacred mountains around the world, and in the emerging field of glacial archaeology. She is founder & director pro bono of the Institute of High Mountain Research. Early in her career photographs showing her co-leading an expedition above 21,000 feet were omitted from a publication because "she looked like a teenage girl" & it was believed pictures of her would make the work look easy." Ceruti is of Andean descent & believes mountaineering is in her blood.

Colter's work in the Grand Canyon National Park has become a National Historic Landmark, and she also completed striking work for the Santa Fe Railroad through her work for the Fred Harvey Company, Her work for the railroad on the La Fonda hotel, which opened in 1922, helped create the popular local Santa Fe Style. Colter considered the 1930 La Posada hotel at Winslow Station in Arizona to be her masterpiece, and it featured many characteristic elements of her distinctive style, such as red clay tile roofing, beautiful courtyards and garden spaces, and decorative ironwork. Completed 21 landmark hotels, commercial lodges & public spaces for the Fred Harvey Company. Blended Spanish Colonial Revival & Mission Revival architecture with Native American motifs & Rustic elements that became popular troughout the Southwest. Her work is credited with inspiring the Pueblo Deco style. her work influenced the look & feel of an entire generation of parkitecture often called National Park Service rustic & set the precedent for using on-site materials & bold, large-scale design elements. 1936 created Mimbreno china & flatware for use on the Super Chief rail service on the Santa Fe Railroad.

Ítala Fulvia Villa oversaw the building of the colossal Sixth Pantheon, a subterranean mausoleum known as the Sixth Pantheon or the Great Pantheon. It is a gigantic underground necropolis with 40,000 plots in the Chacarita Cemetery, an experiment that was constructed between 1950-1958. Villa received no credit for it until 2016.

After obtaining her degree from the School of Architecture of the University of Buenos Aires Villa became involved with the founding of the Grupo Austral in 1938. This group of architects were particularly noted for bringing the modernist movement to Argentina. They were the first group to recognize that the urbanist movement must holistically look at the needs of the city and its culture, rather than randomly building individual structures. They advocated for green space, parks and streets to be designed for meeting the needs of growth and attempted to bring scientific analysis into city planning. While they viewed cultural development as a key component of architectural identity, they did not believe in preserving historic structures for the sake of history but rather whether analysis proved a structure had adaptability to future societal growth and functionality.