Innovations

* Grier graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1897 * First African American woman to hold a medical license in Georgia. * Set up a private practice in Atlanta, specializing in obstetrics and gynecology.

* Pinn is strong advocate for ensuring that federally funded medical studies include female patients * known for her advocacy of women's health issues and concerns * Developed a re-entry program for trained scientists to re-establish themselves after interruptions of their careers due to family responsibilities.

* Chen’s research focuses on the development of sex specific treatments for depression, anxiety and PTSD. * Her work has shown that women are twice as likely as men to develop depression, often exhibiting different symptoms. * Worked on creating the first female-specific antidepressant. * While at MIT, Chen worked with Dr. Steve Ramirez on memory manipulation for the treatment of PTSD and depression.

* Fejzo led the team that discovered the gene GDFI5, likely responsible for morning sickness by producing a hormone, also labeled GDF15.. * In 2022, Fejzo published a study on a mutation in GDF15 associated with its extreme form hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). * She has identified other genes associated with developing potentially painful uterine growths known as fibroids. * Has published peer-reviewed scientific articles on many diseases of women, including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, multiple sclerosis.

* McKinney-Steward co-founded the Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital & Dispensary (later The Memorial Hospital for Women & Children). * Also active at the Brooklyn Home for Aged Colored People (now Brooklyn Home for the Aged). * He medical career focused on prenatal care and childhood disease.

* King was the first to show breast cancer can be inherited due to mutations in the gene she called BRCA1. * King's group demonstrated that a single gene on chromosome 17 could be linked to many breast and ovarian cancers. * 1996 with social worker Joan Marks and support from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation began the NY Breast Cancer Study which definitively determined the incidence of breast cancer & ovarian cancer was linked to inherited mutations of genes BRCA1 & BRCA2.

* The Blackwell sisters Elizabeth and Emily founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children in 1857. * They began giving lectures to female audiences on the importance of educating girls. * The sisters played a significant role during the American Civil War by organizing nurses. * The Infirmary developed a medical school program for women, providing substantial work with patients (clinical education). * Returning to England, Elizabeth Blackwell helped found the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874.

* Crumpler published A Book of Medical Discourses in 1883. The book has two parts that cover the prevention and cure of infantile bowel complaints, and the life and growth of human beings. * Dedicated to nurses and mothers, it focuses on maternal and pediatric medical care and was among the first publications written by an African American on the subject of medicine. * Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston and primarily cared for poor African-American women and children. * After the end of the American Civil War (1861–1865), she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing it to be an ideal way to provide missionary service, as well as to gain more experience learning about diseases that affected women and children. * Her house is now on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

* Dickens opened a clinic at Penn that was devoted and specialized to helping and supporting teen parents. *The clinic offered services such as group counseling, therapy, education, and prenatal care.

* Dickens worked to provide pap tests for Black women in Philadelphia through clinics and workshops at Black churches. * In later years, Dickens even provided free pap tests out of a mobile unit, parking an American Cancer Society van in church parking lots.

world expert on termites

Superina began studying armadillos in western Argentina 25 years ago. Today, she leads an international team that monitors global populations of anteaters, sloths, and armadillos but, thanks to her pink fairy armadillo obsession, she has also become the leading expert on the diminutive and enigmatic animal. Studying the animal in its natural habitat, however, has eluded her—and everyone else. For centuries the armadillo has evaded the most determined scientists; even Charles Darwin failed to collect a specimen during his visit to Argentina. The pink fairy remains as mysterious as its name suggests because of its subterranean lifestyle, the result of adaptation to a changing environment millions of years ago.