Innovations

* Singer was lead in new field of recombinant DNA technology, among the 1st to call attention to the possible risks of genetic engineering. * She organized the 1975 Asilomar conference in order to bring together scientists to impose restrictions and draw guidelines on recombinant DNA research, * Advocated for resumption of research under cautious safeguards until more was known about the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA technology.

* Demonet illustrated facial reconstruction surgeries during WWI to assist doctors with surgeries on wounded soldiers * Her work enabled doctors who performed the surgeries & repairs to teach others & review their work * Founding member of the Association of Medical Illustrators (AMI) * Started work at the National Institute of Health in 1926 and became chief of Medical Arts department in 1938.

* Green developed a method where lasers are used to "illuminate" the nanoparticles * Using this image of cancerous cells decreases the amount of time it takes to target these cells * Member of the team that developed a laboratory method to insert nanoparticles into cancer cells while avoiding surrounding healthy cells * Tissue incorporating the nanoparticles heats up due to directed laser radiation, which then destroys the cancer cells.

* The work of Ann Tsukamoto has been of immense value to the field of regenerative medicine, particularly in the treatment and research of neurodegenerative diseases. * Her research on human neural stem cells has resulted in potential therapeutic treatments for conditions such as spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. * Isolation of these stem cells has been a platform for further clinical research, testing their ability to repair and regenerate damaged neural tissues. * Besides her contribution to hematopoietic and neural stem cell biology, her research and work have influenced advancements in gene therapy and tissue engineering.

* Askins used radioactive materials to enhance underexposed images from space revealing details in images from deep space never detected before * Method involved making a 2nd print using the radioactive materials, the resulting print is called an autoradiograph * This technology also used in photo restoration * In x-ray technology it lowers the amount of radiation a patient is exposed to.

* Through her research on the effects of weightlessness on an individual’s physiology, Long determined that space had no effect on sickle cell anemia. * This finding opened up careers in aerospace to more African Americans.

Identified chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers (1972) proving cancer is a genetic disease & chromosome abnormalities were important; developed the use of existing methods of quinacrine fluorescence & Giemsa staining to identify chromosomes; instrumental in the creation of Gleevec a drug to treat leukemia; holds 3 patents

A hug machine, also known as a hug box, a squeeze machine, or a squeeze box, is a therapeutic device designed to calm hypersensitive persons, usually individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The device was invented by Temple Grandin to administer deep-touch pressure, a type of physical stimulation often self-administered by autistic individuals as a means of self-soothing.[1][2] Autistic people often have sensory processing disorder, which entails abnormal levels of stimulation of the senses (such as hypersensitivity).[3] Because of difficulty with social interactions, it can be uncomfortable or impractical to turn to other human beings for comfort, including hugs. Grandin addressed this by designing the hug machine, in part to help her own anxiety and sensory sensitivity. age 18 invented a hug box-a device to calm those on the autism spectrum she invented to calm herself; 1986 published her book, Emergence: Labeled Autistic, where she publicly discussed her struggles with autism; her book, Developing Talents, 2nd Edition, explores many unnoticed aspects of vocational rehabilitation programs that provide job training and placement for people with disabilities, as well as Social Security Administration programs that offer vocational assistance; 1995, published "Thinking in Pictures, an autobiography showcased her belief that all autistic people saw the world in picture like she did but the 2nd edition published in 2006 identified 3 types of autism-1. Visual Thinkers like she is, who think in photographically specific images. 2. Music and Math Thinkers – who think in patterns and may be good at mathematics, chess, and programming computers. 3. Verbal Logic Thinkers – who think in word details, and she noted that their favorite subject may be history; 2013 published The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum; 1980 published her first two scientific articles on beef cattle behavior during handling; was one of the first scientists to report animals are sensitive to visual distractions in handling facilities such as shadows, dangling chains, and other environmental details that most people do not notice; developed a center track (double rail) conveyor restrainer system for holding cattle during stunning at large beef slaughtering plants; developed an objective, numerical scoring system for assessing animal welfare at slaughtering plants; has also written about the effect of hair whorl position on cattle behavior, the influence of stress prior to slaughter upon meat quality, religious slaughter, mothering behavior of beef cows, cattle temperament, and causes of bruising; designed curved corrals she adapted with the intention of reducing stress, panic, and injury in animals being led to slaughter; contributing editor to MEAT+POULTRY; consults for firms with McDonald’s, Burger King, and Swift to focus on ethical slaughtering practices;

founded the National association of Army Nurses of the civil War; conducted mental health system evaluations & wrote reports to legislatures in Rhode Island, New York, Indiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Louisiana, Illinois, North & South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland, & Alabama & at least 13 European countries which resulted in mental health hospital reform; 1854 & 55 conducted an investigation in Scotland which resulted in the formation of the Scottish Lunacy Commission; her investigation in Rome led to praise from Pope Pius IX; 1861 was appointed superintendent of Army Nurses by the Union Army resigning in 1865; ultimately founded mental health 32 hospitals in the US & in influenced the creation of 2 in Japan

she & her team mix two common types of soil bacteria, Bacillus pasteurii and Sporosarcina ureae, with sand and “feed” the bacteria a rich solution containing both urea and calcium chloride; after using up the supply of nutrients, the bacteria die, but by that time, the calcium carbonate has crystalized the sand into solid limestone*when perfected, her process for creating & fixing limestone is expected to be used to restore such monuments as the foundation of the empire State Building & Mt. Rushmore

1943-1944 with Selman Waksman & Albert Schatz discovered streptomycin; worked on antimicrobials which could protect plants from Dutch elm disease; after the discovery of streptomycin she worked on micromonosporin, a pigmented glycoprotein which was active against gram-positive bacteria; worked for Merck & Co. evaluating pyrazinoic acid and penicillin as antibiotics against mycobacterium tuberculosis & developed several antimicrobial substances;

* Charpentier uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. * Demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA. * Essential to the CRISPR process, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020.

* Hazen and Brown began searching for an effective antifungal agent for the New York State Health Department * In 1950, they presented the first safe and effective antifungal antibiotic to the National Academy of Sciences * The research had numerous applications ranging from saving infected trees to restoring paintings & artwork damaged by mold * Further research developed nystatin, the first fungicide safe for treating humans.

reportedly holds a patent for therapeutic wound dressing but no patent was located; founded a clothing company she named "Bear Don't Walk Originals;" fought for Indian Health Services to provide &/or pay for medical services for Native americans living outside of reservations

* Petry Leone became the founding director of the Cadet Nurse Corps, created by Congress in 1943 to provide federal funds for housing and training costs of educating nurses. * The cost of a student's tuition, fees, room, and board as well as a monthly stipend would be paid. * From July 1943 to October 1945, about 132,000 women were admitted to colleges across the country under the act. * In exchange for federal funding, participating colleges were required to establish a 24- to 30-month accelerated education program for nurse candidates. The women who enrolled had to pledge to "engage in essential nursing, military or civilian, for the duration of the war.” * On graduation, the cadet nurse had received a complete nursing education, and was eligible to become a registered nurse. * The program was a success, training 124,000 nurse cadets, making it unnecessary to draft nurses for war service. * This program was instrumental in laying the academic foundations for standardized nursing education.

* Following her nursing experience in the Crimean War, Nightingale returned to England to found the first professional nurse training school in London in 1860. It was the first secular nursing school in the world. * As part of the developing nursing curriculum, she stressed the need for improving sanitary conditions, including hand washing, to decrease the death rate of patients. * Her social reforms included improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.

* Menkin was famous for her in vitro fertilization (IVF) research with John Rock. In February 1944, she became the first person to conceive human life outside of the body. * As medicine advanced, IVF was transformed from natural research to a stimulated clinical treatment.

* As the first African-American woman licensed to practice in South Carolina, Evans was able to treat both white and black patients, causing her services to be in great demand. * She built up a large clientele of wealthy white women, who paid her sufficiently to allow her to treat poor black women and children for free. Her large and rare interracial clientele were built up due to her great discretion and professionalism. * She practiced obstetrics, gynecology, and surgery, and cared for patients in her own home until she established the Taylor Lane Hospital and Training School for Nurses, the first Black hospital in the city of Columbia, in 1901.

* Slye’s work focused on the heritability of cancer in mice. She raised—and kept pedigrees for—150,000 mice during her career. * Her belief that cancer was a recessive trait that could be eliminated through breeding caused clashes with fellow scientists. * She was also an advocate for the comprehensive archiving of human medical records, believing that proper mate selection would help eradicate cancer. * She was one of the first scientists to suggest that cancer can be an inherited disease. For that Slye was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923.

* In 1986, Bath was able to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her first experiment with excimer laser photoablation using human eye bank eyes. * Bath coined the term "laser phaco" for the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery, and developed the laser phaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". * Bath first had the idea for this type of device in 1981, but did not apply for a patent until several years later. The device was completed in 1986, which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens. * It is now used internationally to treat the disease. Bath continued to improve the device and successfully restored vision to people who had been unable to see for decades.

* Alexander's work aimed to advance research of infectious diseases and the biology of the microorganisms that cause meningitis in a time before antibiotics or vaccinations. * Her research focused primarily on the mechanisms and effects of meningitis in children which at the time had a high mortality rate. * By developing standardized techniques for diagnosis and treatment, she and her associate Grace Leidy helped reduce the mortality rate from Hib from nearly 100 percent to less than 25 percent. * Later, Alexander and Leidy studied the effect of antibiotics on Hib. The combined use of the antiserum, sulfa drugs, and antibiotics significantly lowered the mortality rate from Hib.

Pharmaceutical development of deuterium-enabled chiral switching & chirality in drugs; holds 31 patents

* In 1971 Brodie joined her husband's lab as staff scientist, moving into breast cancer research. They were researching its link with estrogen and an enzyme that produces it, aromatase. * They developed several steroidal aromatase inhibitors, with Brodie focused on 4-OHA. * Following further clinical trials, 4-OHA, named Formestane, was the first aromatase inhibitor used on breast cancer patients and proved to be a significant improvement on tamoxifen, the standard cancer drug used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. * The drug was first marketed in 1994.

* Pinkham was the inventor and marketer of a herbal-alcoholic "women's tonic" for menstrual and menopausal problems, which medical experts dismissed as a quack remedy. * It is still on sale today in a modified form. * She further distributed information on menstruation and the "facts of life" and was considered to be a crusader for women's health issues in a day when women were poorly served by the medical establishment. * Pinkham and her "medicinal compound" for feminine disorders became the subject of a bawdy drinking song, "Lily the Pink", of which a sanitized version became a number one hit by The Scaffold in the United Kingdom.

Carwell has been recognized for her work with the Department of Energy, where she has received numerous awards. She has also received awards for her work in community leadership.

Baker and a group of nurses started to train mothers in how to care for their babies: how to clothe infants to keep them from getting too hot, how to feed them a good diet, how to keep them from suffocating in their sleep, and how to keep them clean. She set up a milk station where clean milk was given out. Commercial milk at that time was often contaminated, or mixed with chalky water to improve colour and maximize profit. Baker also invented an infant formula made out of water, calcium carbonate, lactose, and cow milk. This enabled mothers to go to work so they could support their families. Baker aided in the prevention of infant blindness, a scourge caused by gonorrhea bacteria transmitted during birth. To prevent blindness, babies were given drops of silver nitrate in their eyes. Before Baker arrived, the bottles in which the silver nitrate was kept would often become unsanitary or would contain doses that were so highly concentrated that they would do more harm than good. Baker designed and used small containers made out of antibiotic beeswax that each held a single dose of silver nitrate, so the medication would stay at a known level of concentration and could not be contaminated. In focusing her attention on older children, Baker worked to make sure each school had its own doctor and nurse, and that the children were routinely checked for infestations. This system worked so well that head lice and the eye infection trachoma, diseases once rampant in schools, became almost non-existent.

* Benjamin was chosen for the position of Surgeon General of the United States in 2009 * In her work, she made clear her dissatisfaction with the current health care system, in terms of accessibility as well as cost. * She noted the deaths of her brother, who died of HIV, as well as her father, who died of high blood pressure and diabetes, and her mother who died of lung cancer, all of which, she implied, were "preventable diseases."

Cannon-Alfred wrote "Medical Handbook for the Layman" together with her husband J. Tyrone Alfred.

* Elders served as Surgeon General of the United States from 1993 to 1994. * Forced to resign as result of her views on controversial issues such as drug legalization, masturbation, teaching sex education in schools, and distributing contraception in schools. * Vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps * Board certified in pediatric endocrinology.

* During Grigsby's two years in Africa, she oversaw the smallpox inoculation of millions of individuals. * Grigsby was able to do this through the Smallpox Eradication Program from Howard University College of Medicine.

* Harris's media productions spotlight health issues of African Americans * Campaigning for the need for the early detection of breast cancer, the genetics of sickle-cell anemia and greater understanding of diabetes-related concerns * Other topics explored include AIDS, cervical cancer, colon cancer, hypertension and prostate cancer * Advocate for bridging the gap in transparency in public health education between government officials and scientists so that important health information is made available to the public.

Throughout the 1970s, Hearn worked on development programs to improve the health of at-risk children. In 1980 she began working at Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the largest healthcare philanthropy in the United States. Hearn spent the majority of her career at the foundation, where her program planning efforts focused on "maternal, infant, and child health; AIDS; substance abuse; and minority medical education." She also acted as the Foundation's liaison to the non-profit community. From 1983 to 2001, Hearn served as Senior Vice President of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Since retiring, she continues to act as Senior Vice President Emerita.

* First Indigenous woman to become a physician in the United States, Picotte founded the 1st independently funded hospital on a reservation in Walthill Nebraska. * The hospital was closed in 1940, and it became a community center & museum dedicated to her work & the history of the Omaha & Winnebago Tribes. * Picotte further campaigned for public health & the formal legal allotment of land to members of the Omaha Tribe. * She worked to increase sanitary conditions & prevent & treat tuberculosis on the reservation.

In 1944 Sabin came out of retirement to head a committee on public health measures for Colorado. The numbers showed that Colorado's morbidity and mortality rates to be unacceptably high, and its public health infrastructure to be antiquated and unacceptably poor. The Sabin Committee drafted public health bills to remedy the situation, and Sabin herself traveled around the state drumming up public support for new health legislation. She also effectively lobbied state legislators for their support. In 1947 the state legislature passed four of the six "Sabin Bills":

* Krim established AIDS Medical Foundation in 1983. * Dedicated herself to increasing the public's awareness of AIDS, with a better understanding of its cause, modes of transmission, and epidemiologic pattern.

* Barton founded the American Red Cross after seeing the same organization in Switzerland. * She became the representative for the American branch of the Red Cross. * She had been a hospital nurse in the American Civil War. Since nursing education was not very formalized, and she did not attend nursing school, she provided self-taught nursing care. * Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian work and civil rights advocacy at a time before women had the right to vote.

* Gantt and Sheriff started a mobile public health service in the southern Appalachians to bring vaccinations, nutritional education, prenatal care, dental examinations, and preventive health screenings to remote places in the rural south * Lobbied for state legislation requiring medical inspection of schoolchildren, which passed in 1920 * Pioneered public health, prevention of tuberculosis, medical inspection of schools, and social hygiene * Organized and headed the Spartanburg Health League * Their mobile health units focused on eradicating diseases, such as pellagra and diphtheria, which plagued the poor and marginalized communities of South Carolina * Made improvements to contraception, maternity care, and family planning practices.

* Hamilton authored the "Illinois Survey," a report that documented its findings of industrial processes that exposed workers to lead poisoning and other illnesses. * She discovered over seventy industrial processes through which workers became exposed to lead poisoning. * She also uncovered occupations, such as polishing cut glass and wrapping cigars in "tinfoil," that exhibited increased exposure to lead poisoning. * The commission's efforts resulted in the passage of the first workers' compensation laws in Illinois in 1911, in Indiana in 1915, and occupational disease laws in other states, requiring employers to take safety precautions to protect workers.

* Hanna was alerted in late 2015 to a lack of proper drinking water treatment in Flint, Michigan and an increased potential for lead in the city's water. * The water source had been changed from Lake Huron to the Flint River. * The lack of corrosion inhibitors in the new Flint water source was causing corrosion of water pipes and leaching of lead into drinking water. * She was at first decried by the spokesperson for the State of Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality as an "unfortunate researcher." * Later the State of Michigan acknowledged the lead-in-water crisis, and Department of Environmental Quality officials apologized to Hanna.

* Alexander founded the Aspiranto Health Home Hospital in her renovated Philadelphia home in 1930. * In her clinical practice she discovered disturbing divergences where Black infant mortality rates were more than twice of White infants, and the rate of deaths from TB was six times more for Blacks than for whites. * She observed that Black Americans often received sub-standard or no care at all in seeking medical help. * The field of public health gained popularity in the years leading up to World War II, and Alexander was one of the first people to acquire a master's degree in public health in 1937.