Women - Women's Innovations

Federica Bertocchini

🔬 Molecular Biology

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🔬 Molecular Biology

her research suggests that water-based enzyme solutions could be implemented by waste processing plants or at-home plastic waste kits, establishing a wider distribution of this game-changing technology & what’s left would only be natural components, such as ketones or alcohol, deemed safe for release or reuse in other processes
with colleagues, Paolo Bombelli and Christopher Howe, found that each worm created an average of 2.2 holes per hour & it would take 100 worms nearly a month to completely break down an average, 5.5 gram plastic bag
is one of two leaders of a Madrid-based company called Plasticentropy that is working to commercialize the use of the enzymes to break down plastic waste
is an amateur beekeeper

Born: Unknown

Country: Spain

Education: Universita de Pisa University Degree Molecular Biology; Open University London-DIBIT PhD Molecular Biology 2000

Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi

🔬 Chemistry 🔬 Glycobiology

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🔬 Chemistry 🔬 Glycobiology

Won Nobel Prize in chemistry 2022
Coined the phrase "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compatible with living systems & invented the field
1st female recipient of Lemelson-MIT Prize Faculty award
While an undergraduate, played keyboard in several bands, most notably Bored of Education with future Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello
While at Berkeley, discovered viruses can bind to sugars in the body & led her to the field of research in glycobiology
Holds 32 patents

Born: 1966

Country: USA

Education: 1988, AB Chemistry, Harvard University; 1993, MS & Phd Chemistry, University of California, Berkely; Postdoctoral work in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco

Andrea Louise Bertozzi

📊 Applied Mathematics

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Patricia A. Bianconi

🔬 Chemistry

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Allyson Bieryla

⚛️ Astrophysics 🔭 Astronomy

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⚛️ Astrophysics 🔭 Astronomy

hobbies include playing soccer, being outdoors, traveling & enjoying live music
LightSound prototype was developed for the 2017 Solar Eclipse with 1 device in Jackson Hole WY & 2 in Kentucky-1 at Morehead State University & the other at the Kentucky School for the blind
2019 the LightSound was redesigned with a new, higher dynamic range light sensor & a midi-board was added to improve sound quality then 20 devices were distributed across Chile & Argentina with another 100 added in 2020
The LightSound Project is completely open source & instructions for building one are available in English, Spanish & French at: astrolab.fas.harvard.edu/LightSound.html
the site also has a map of locations for donated devices & organized viewing events that is updated every time another device & event is listed for the 2024 eclipse
the LightSound team consists of Bieryla, Soley Hyman, Elliot Richards, Wanda Diaz Merced & Daniel Davis & is financially supported by the International Astronomical Union, the American Astronomical Society, NSF & the Simon's Foundation
the LightSound device costs approximately $60 each to make
she & her colleagues have also developed Orchestar a device that uses a sensor to translate colored light to sound & can interface with LightSound

Born: Unknown

Country: USA

Education: University of Colorado at Boulder BA Astrophysics, Physics & Fine Arts 2005; Harvard University Extension School MA Software Engineering 2002 & Graduate Level Certificate Data Science 2019; University of Queensland PhD in Astrophysics expected completion 2026

Hazel Gladys Bishop

🔬 Chemistry 🔍 Cosmetics 🔍 Academia

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🔬 Chemistry 🔍 Cosmetics 🔍 Academia

1942 worked as an organic chemist for Standard Oil Development Company (now Exxon) designing fuels and discovered the cause of deposits affecting superchargers of aircraft engines
1930s developed a pimple concealer and mentholated tissues which never went to market
1951 became the first woman to appear solo on the cover of Business Week
attended college with the intention of becoming a doctor but the stock market crash of 1929 ended her academic career
lost control of her company in 1954 in a proxy fight with majority stockholders
1962 she became a stockbroker and financial analyst and was an expert regarding cosmetics stocks first with Bache and Co. (1962–1968), then for Hornblower & Weeks-Hemphill Noyes in 1967, and ultimately for Evans & Co. (1968–1981)
1978 became a professor at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City
appointed to the Revlon Chair in Cosmetics Marketing in 1980 where she helped the school launch its Cosmetology, Fragrance, and Toiletries program
used bromo acid dyes to get her lipstick to last
after being ousted from her company she continued to make her own smudge-free lipstick at home for her personal use until her death

Born: 1906

Country: USA

Education: Barnard College BA Chemistry 1929; Columbia's College of Physicians & Surgeons postgraduate classes in biochemistry

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn

🔬 Molecular biology ⚕️ Medical Ethics

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🔬 Molecular biology ⚕️ Medical Ethics

2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Carol W. Greider & Jack W. Szostak for the discovery of telomerase
1st Australian female Nobel Laureate
2002, appointed to President's Council of bioethics; terminated by the Bush Administration in 2004 for her opposition to their policy against stem cell research; 170 scientists signed an open letter to the President maintaining she was fired because of political opposition to her advice & some scientists argued her firing was a violation of the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972 which requires "balance on such advisory bodies"
Teaches chronic stress, unhappiness, lack of sleep, & exercise lead to shortening of telomerase & increase the effects of aging
Holds 6 patents

Born: 1948

Country: Australia

Education: 1970, BS Biochemistry, 1972, MS Biochemistry, University of Melbourne; 1975, PhD Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge; 1975-77, Postdoctoral work, Yale University

Elizabeth Blackwell

⚕️ Medicine

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⚕️ Medicine

1st female to earn a medical degree in the US
1st female on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council for the UK
Pioneer in promoting education for women in medicine
Was a teacher but became a doctor after a friend fell ill & remarked she might not have suffered so much if her doctor was female
Was rejected from every medical school she applied to with the exception of Geneva Medical college in NY after the male students voted for her admission as a joke
Her thesis on typhoid fever published in 1849 was the 1st medical article published by a female student in the US
With her sister, Emily, founded the NY Infirmary for Women & children in 1857
1874, helped found the London School of Medicine for Women
Organized nurses during the American Civil War
Her sister Emily was the 2nd female in US to obtain an MD
1849, while treating an infant with opthalmia neonatorum she was accidentally squirted with some contaminated fluid into her left eye, contracted the infection, losing sight in the eye which subsequently had to be removed & ended her intention of becoming a surgeon
In 1856, adopted Katherine "Kitty" Barry (1848-1936) an Irish orphan & raised her as a half-servant, half-daughter

Born: 1821

Country: Great Britain

Education: Geneva Medical College, 1847-1849; St. Bartholomew s Hospital

Emily "Milly" Blackwell

⚕️ Medicine

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⚕️ Medicine

was the 6th of 9 surviving children
in her youth was an expert in flowers & birds studying the species found near her home
1832 family emigrated to the US, lived in NY & NJ before settling near Cincinnati OH in 1837
attended Rush Medical college in Chicago for 1 year but wasn't allowed to attend for her 2nd year due to complaints from male students about having to study with a woman caused the Illinois Medical society to bar her from further attendance
after obtaining her MD studied in Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin & Dresden to honeher skills
raised $50,000 to establish the medical school in 1859
managed the Infirmary & oversaw surgery, nursing, bookkeeping & fund raising after her sister moved to England & Marie Zakrzewska left to open her own practice
ran the Infirmary until retiring in 1900 but made sure her medical students were admitted to the new Cornell University co-ed medical school
taught obstetrics & gynecology at the Women's Medical College for over 30 years
at age 44 she & her partner Dr. Elizabeth Cushier adopted a baby named Nanny
her applications to medical school were turned down by 11 colleges beforee being admitted to Rush who ultimately also rejected her
was the 3rd female in the US to receive an MD
the Infirmary is now part of NY-Presbyterian Hospital Lower Manhattan Hospital
toured Europe for 18 months after retiring
lived in her sister Elizabeth's shadow for most of her life with several of her photographs & accomplishments credited to Elizabeth
was described as shy & retiring for most of her life

Born: 1826

Country: England

Education: Cleveland Medical College (now Case Western Reserve University) MD 1854

Katharine Burr Blodgett

⚛️ Physics 🔬 Surface Chemistry

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⚛️ Physics 🔬 Surface Chemistry

While working at GE she invented "invisible" or non reflective glass
1st female awarded a PhD in Physics from the University of Cambridge
Spent her summers at a camp at Lake George in NYS & pursued her love of gardening
Was an avid amatuer astronomer & collected antiques
Wrote funny poems in her spare time
1901, her widowed mother moved to France so Katharine & her brother would be bilingual
Wasn't enrolled in school until she was 8
1st woman to work as a scientist for GE Lab in Schenectady, NY
1st major cinematic production to use her invisible glass was Gone With the Wind in 1939
Invented the color gauge-a method to measure the molecular coatings on the glass to 1 millionth of an inch
Made improvements to gas masks during WW1
Held 8 patents

Born: 1898

Country: USA

Education: BA Physics, Bryn Mawr College, 1917; MS Physics, University of Chicago, 1918; PhD Physics Newnham College of the University of Cambridge, 1926

Arlene Blum

🔬 Biophysical Chemistry 🤖 Mountaineer

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🔬 Biophysical Chemistry 🤖 Mountaineer

first climb was in Washington, where she failed to reach the summit of Mount Adams
was rejected from an Afghanistan expedition in 1969, with its leader writing to her, "One woman and nine men would seem to me to be unpleasant high on the open ice, not only in excretory situations but in the easy masculine companionship which is so vital a part of the joy of an expedition."
1970, she requested to join a high altitude expedition, but was told that she was welcome to come as far as the base camp to "help with the cooking."
after graduation from graduate school took a year off to climb peaks around the world
wrote a book about her experience on Annapurna, called Annapurna: A Woman's Place.
crossed the Alps from Yugoslavia to France, bearing her baby Annalise on her back in a backpack
her memoir is titled Breaking Trail: A Climbing Life
she & her team at Green Science Policy Institute have led several successful national and international campaigns against the use of toxic chemicals, particularly halogenated flame retardants
founder of the annual Berkeley Himalayan Fair and the Burma Village Assistance Project
completed the Great Himalayan Traverse across the mountain regions of Bhutan, Nepal, and India
has been a research associate in chemistry at UC Berkeley since 2017

Born: 1945

Country: USA

Education: Reed College BS Chemistry 1966; MIT 1966-67; UC Berkeley PhD Biophysical chemistry 1971

Phyllis Bolds

⚛️ Physics

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⚛️ Physics

was the 9th of 10 children
was valedictorian of her high school class awarded the inaugural delta sigma Theta Debutante Scholarship
the Air Force paid for her to obtain 2 master degrees
began working for the US air force as a physicist in 1955
worked at Wright_Patterson Air Force Base radar branch & Flight Dynamics lab for over 30 years
had a stroke in her early 40s but overcame it, earning 2 master degrees & continuing to work
mentored her 5 children, then grandchildren, gave spiritual guidance to students of all ages, & tutored people in the prison system
dabbled in linguistics & won a medal in high school
was frequently the only woman in the room & in 1970 attended an Air Force Academy symposium where she was the only female delegate among 350

Born: 1932

Country: USA

Education: Central State College BS Physics 1954; University of Dayton MS Computer Science 1973; Simmons Women's College (now Simmons University) MA Management 1977

Sylvia D. Trimble Bozeman

📊 Mathematics

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Khalia M. Braswell

💻 Computer Science

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Mary Carson Breckinridge

⚕️ Public Health

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⚕️ Public Health

2nd of 4 children born to her parents
was the granddaughter of vice President John C. Breckinridge
her father was an Arkansas congressman, US Minister to Russia (1894-1897), & administer of Indian Affairs
ran Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) from 1925 till her death, it still serves Southeast Kentucky with its headquarters in Hyden, with a hospital, 4 rural health clinics, a home health agency, & the FNS School of Midwifery & Family Nursing
resented that her brother received a quality higher education in private schools while she & her sisters received private tutoring at home & later attended "finishing" schools
spent 1894-97 in russsia where her father was sent by President Cleveland, experienced her 1st exposure to a trained midwife there on the occasion of her brother's birth when she was 14
used her inheritance from her Grandmother Lees (really her great aunt) to found FNS
learned to ride a horse at Oasis Plantation in the Mississippi Delta the home of her maternal Uncles
1st husband died of complications from appendicitis 2 years after they were married
2nd marriage resulted in the birth of 2 children, her son died at the age of 4 after an illness & her daughter was born prematurely & died after 6 hours
2nd marriage ended in divorce & she then dedicated herself to caring for children & mothers as a way to "keep being a mother"
spent 3 years (1919-21) with the American Committee for Devastated France during WWI
modelled FNS on Scotland's decentralized system after studying The Highlands & Islands Medical & Nursing Service
her father took care of the horses used by her staff
at the time of her death FNS had treated nearly 58,000 patients, delivered over 14,500 babies & had only 11 maternal deaths, and delivered ove one-quarter million vaccines; they reduced the indant & maternal mortality rate in the area from the highest in the USD to well below the national average
raised over $6 million to support FNS which allowed poor patients to pay small fees ranging from $2 for routine medical care to $50 for a birth or pay with food or items they could afford
held racist views, wouldn't hire Black midwives or share a table with a Black person, was an advocate for white superiority & wrote about eugenics & the value of segregation emphasizing brotherhood over equality
appeared on a US postage stamp in 1998
2010 an equestrian statue of her was dedicated in Hyden Kentucky
1931 had a serious fall from a horse & had to wear a brace for the remainder of her life
the FNS hospital in Hyden is now named the Mary Breckinridge Hospital

Born: 1881

Country: USA

Education: Rosemont-Dezaley Boarding School at Lausanne 1896-97; attended finishing school in Connecticut; St. Luke's Hospital of Nursing in New York RN 1910; Boston Instructive District Nursing Association, took a short, intensive course in baby welfare work; 1923 spent 4 months in England at British Hospital for Mothers & Babies & was certified as a midwife by the Central Midwives Board in 1924; Teacher's College of Columbia University took courses in Public Health

Yvonne Madelaine Brill

⚛️ Aerospace Engineering 🔬 Rocket Science

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⚛️ Aerospace Engineering 🔬 Rocket Science

Worked on the 1st weather satellite Tiros' propulsion system & on Nova-a series of rockets that were part of Apollo Moon Missions
1st African-American female to earn an MA in Engineering Management from Vanderbilt University (1972)
Invented Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster (EHT/Resistojet) a fuel efficient rocket thruster that keeps today's satellites in orbit & holds the patent for it
Was inspired to attend school by Amelia Earhart
1st in her family to attend college
Numerous corporation (including RCA, GE, Lockheed Martin, & Orbital Sciences) have used EHT in their communication satellites
The NY Times obituary on her was controversial & deemed sexist because it originally began "She made a mean beef stroganoff, followed her husband from job to job, & took 8 years off from work to raise 3 children"

Born: 1924

Country: Canada

Education: 1945, BA Chemistry & Mathematics, University of Manitoba; 1951, MA Chemistry, University of Southern California

Nancy Goodman Brinker

⚕️ Healthcare Activist

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⚕️ Healthcare Activist

Susan G. Komen for the Cure was named for Brinker's sister, who died of breast cancer
1984 diagnosed with breast cancer, had a double mastectomy & chemo, & survived
as a child was a tomboy & loved horseback riding
is dyslexic
worked in PR & broadcasting after college
before her sister died in 1980 she promised her she would do everything she could to end cancer
while ambassador to Hungary began collecting Hungarian art & now has the largest collection of it outside of Hungary, has displayed the art in several museums
hosts a weekly show on Newsmax called Conversations with Nancy Brinker

Born: 1946

Country: USA

Education: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign BA Journalism 1968

Angela Hartley Brodie

🔬 Biochemistry 🔬 Cancer Research

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Carolyn Branch Brooks

🔬 Microbiology 🔍 Agricultural Productivity

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🔬 Microbiology 🔍 Agricultural Productivity

Born & raised in Richmond,VA; when her family moved to the westside in the 1950s she still wanted to attend her old school so she rode the public bus daily across town sitting behind the driver, unaware that as an African-American she was supposed to sit in the back of the bus
Got married after her sophomore year at college & gave birth to 2 sons before graduating in 1968
Her research focused on how T-cells destroy the malaria parasite Plasmodium; then the nutritional needs of the elderly where she discovered there was a connection between trace amounts of minerals in a patient's hair & diet enabling the recognition of some medical problems caused by poor diets
At the University of Maryland Eastern Shore researched agricultural productivity
1984-1985, travelled to Togo & Senegal in West Africa & developed method to increase productivity of African groundnut leading to increased productivity in food crops

Born: 1946

Country: USA

Education: 1968 BS, 1971 MS Biology, Tuskeegee University; 1977, PhD Microbiology, Ohio State University

Rachel Fuller Brown

🔬 Organic Chemistry 🔍 Bacteriology

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🔬 Organic Chemistry 🔍 Bacteriology

Worked with Elizabeth Lee Hazen long-distance to develop the 1st useful antifungal antibiotic, nystatin
Nystatin cures a variety of fungal infections, has been used to combat Dutch Elm Disease, & to restore artwork damaged by water & mold
Henriette F. Dexter, a friend of her grandmother's, saw she was determined to go to college & paid for her to attend Mt. Holyoke
Hazen (in NYC) cultured organisms found in soil & tested them to fight against fungi; if she got a positive reaction she would send it to Brown (in Albany, NY) in mason jars; Brown would isolate the active ingredient in the culture; they tested hundreds of samples before finding nystatin
Brown & Hazen discovered 2 additional antibiotics-phalmycin & capacidin
Both donated all the money from their drug discoveries (approx $13.4 million); half was used by Research Corporation to fund grants for scientific study & the other half went to support the Brown-Hazen Fund
1975, they were the 1st women to receive the American Institute of Chemists' Chemical Pioneer Award
The Brown-Hazen Fund supported training & research in biomedical sciences & encouraged women to take up careers in science
She found a cheaper, faster screening test for syphilis
She identified 40 types of pneumonia & created anti-serums for all of them
Held 2 patents

Born: 1898

Country: USA

Education: 1920, Mount Holyoke College, BA Chemistry & History; MS Organic Chemistry, PhD, 1926, University of Chicago

Deborah Blanche Washington Brown

💻 Computer Science 🔍 Speech Recognition

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💻 Computer Science 🔍 Speech Recognition

1st African-American woman to earn a Phd in Computer Science at Harvard University (1981)
Has a twin brother, Melvin Charles Washington
Wanted to be a classical pianist & attended New England Conservatory of Music in 1970 but left the following year
Was elected Commencement Marshall at her Harvard graduation
Her 1st job was developing software for missile defense technology
Continued to study & teach piano, played at Carnegie Hall & excelled in competitions
Held 16 patents, 11 in speech recognition

Born: 1952

Country: USA

Education: New England Conservatory of Music, 1970-71; Lowell Technical Institute, BA Mathematics, 1975; 1977, MA Applied Mathematics/Computer Science, 1981, PhD Applied Mathematics/Computer Science Harvard University

Marjorie Lee Brown

📊 Mathematics educator

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Jeannette Elizabeth Brown

🔬 Organic Chemistry

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Beth Anne Brown

⚛️ Astrophysics

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⚛️ Astrophysics

1st African-American female recipient of a PhD in Astronomy from University of Michigan
as a graduate student at University of Michigan developed a popular course called Naked Eye Astronomy which is still taught
grew up watching Star Trek & Star Wars which motivated her to want to be an astronaut
decided to study astronomy after a classfield trip to an observatory where she observed the Ring Nebula
grew up in roanoke VA
played piccolo in the Howard University marching band
as an undergraduate participated in 2 internships at NASA
her near-sightedness & dislike of cramped places precluded her from persuing her desire to be an astronaut
represented NASA in TV interviews, developed a website for the public on Multiwavelength Milky Way & participated in the NASA Administrator's Fellowship Project (NAFP)
The American Astronomical society has an award in her honor
she is feature in the book "Women of Goddard: Careers in Science, Technology, engineering & Mathematics"
after her sudden death from a pulmonary embulism her mother established the Dr. Beth A. Brown Science Foundation to provide scholarships to graduating high school seniors who pursue degrees in astronomy or physics
2012 her alma mater, William Fleming High School, named its science & pre-engineering hall in her honor
loved to sing & read

Born: 1969

Country: USA

Education: Howard University BS Astrophysics 1991; University of Michigan MS 1994 & PhD 1998 both in Astronomy

Margaret (nee Haverkam) Bryan

🔭 Astronomy ⚛️ Physics 🔍 Philosopher 📚 Educator

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Linda Brown Buck

🔬 Biology

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🔬 Biology

2004 won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Axel for work on olfactory receptors
Originally wanted to be a psychotherapist, studying psychology at the University of Washington
Dissatisfied with her studies, she spent several years travelling; she lived on an island outside of Seattle for a while & explored different career options
Loves solving puzzles
Discovered the work to process smells happens in the nose, not the brain; discovered humans have approximately 350 smell receptors (rats have approx. 1,000) but we can detect approx 10,000 distinct odors
2001, she & her team published a "map" of the process by tracing olfactory genes from the nose to the brain
1st University of Washington female to win a Nobel Prize
Holds 3 patents

Born: 1947

Country: USA

Education: 1975, BS Microbiology & Psychology, University of Washington; 1980, PhD Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Postdoctoral work, 1980-91, Columbia Uiversity

Elizabeth "Betty" Bugie Gregory

🔬 Microbiology

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Joy Adowaa Buolamwini

💻 Computer Science

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💻 Computer Science

Introduces herself as a poet of code, daughter of art & science
Founded Algorithmic Justice League to create a world with more equitable & accountable technology; uses art, advocacy, & research to highlight the social implications & harms of AI
Born in Edmonton, Alberta & grew up in Mississippi
At age 9, taught herself XHTML, JavaScript, & PHP
Was a competitive pole vaulter
Is a Rhodes Scholar, Fulbright Fellow, Stamps Scholar, Astronaut Scholar, & Anita Borg Institute Scholar
2011, Worked with trachoma program at the Carter Center to develop an android-based assessment system to use in Ethiopia
2013, worked with local computer scientists in Zambia to help Azmbian youth become technology creators
Created Aspire Mirror, a device that allows users to see a reflection of themselves based on what inspires them
Is CTO for Techturized Inc, a hair-care tech company
Has created 2 films on AI bias

Born: 1989 or 1990

Country: Canada

Education: Georgia Institute of Technology BS Computer Science 2012; Oxford University MS Learning & Technology 2014; MIT MS 2017 & PhD 2022 both in Media Arts & Sciences

Phyllis Ward Buwalda Riggle

🔬 Research Engineering

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Annie Jump Cannon

🔭 Astronomy

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🔭 Astronomy

Known as the "census taker of the skies"
Classified approx 350,000 stars manually
Was approx 30 years old when she contracted scarlet fever that left her deaf in 1893
discovered approx 300 variable stars, 5 novas, and 1 binary spectroscopic
1892, travelled through Europe taking photos; some were published in a pamphlet called "In the Footsteps of Columbus" & were distributed at the Chicago World's Expo of 1893 as souvenirs
By 1913 was able to classify 200 stars an hour; could classify 3 stars a minute just by looking at their spectral patterns &, if using a magnifying glass, could classify stars down to the 9th magnitude, around 16 times faster than the human eye can see
1922, spent 6 months in Arequipa, Peru to photograph stars in the southern hemisphere
1925, 1st woman recipient of an honorary doctorate from Oxford University
1931, 1st female recipient of the Henry Draper Medal
With Edward C. Pickering created the Harvard Classification Scheme
Developed the mnemonic "Oh! Be a Fine Girl-Kiss Me" used by students to memorize the spectral classification of stars
1922, the International Astronomical Union adopted her stellar classification system with minor changes & it is still used today

Born: 1863

Country: USA

Education: 1884 BA, 1907 MA, Physics & Astronomy, Wellesley College; 1898, Astronomy classes, Radcliffe College

Barbara Canright

📊 Mathematics

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Jian Cao

🔬 Materials Science ⚛️ Mechanical Engineering

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Emma Perry Carr

🔬 Physical Organic Chemistry 🔍 Spectroscopist 📚 Educator

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🔬 Physical Organic Chemistry 🔍 Spectroscopist 📚 Educator

Father & Grandfather were country doctors who were advocates of education for all
taught & did her research at Mount Holyoke College from 1910 to 1946, was chairman of the chemistry Dept from 1913 until her retiring & made it possibly the best research lab facility in the nation
the lab was renamed after her in 1955
was the 3rd of 5 siblings
traveled to Ireland & Germany to study innovative techniques of ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy
1944 was a visiting professor & taught at the University of Mexico

Born: 1880

Country: USA

Education: attended Ohio State University for 1 year; attended Mt. Holyoke college for 2 years; University of Chicago BS Physical Chemistry 1905 & PhD Physical Organic chemistry 1910

Rachel Louise Carson

🔬 Marine biology 🔍 Conservation

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Majora Carter

🔬 Environmental Science

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Emily Ann Carter

🔬 Physical Chemistry

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Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright

📊 Mathematics

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📊 Mathematics

was a descendant of poet John Donne
wrote over 100 articles on several mathematical concepts
1936 became the Director of Studies in Mathematics at Girton college
appointed Mistress of Girton 1948
was a Reader in the Theory of Functions at Cambridge 1958-1968
after retiring from girton in 1968 became a visiting professor in the US, Mexico, Poland & Wales
continued her research until well into her 80s
was school by tutors until she was 11 & was then sent to live with relatives & attended regular school
originally studied history before turning her focus to mathematics
never lost her interest in history, wrote several biographical memoires that showed her expertise in history
loved to travel & visited numerous historical locations like Petra
at age 96 was 1 of the subjects of a TV documentary called "Our Brilliant Careers"
was a Red Cross volunteer during WWII
her hobbies included painting & music

Born: 1900

Country: UK

Education: St. Hugh's College 1st Class Degree in Mathematics 1923; Oxford University PhD Mathematics 1930

Aida Casiano-Colon

🔬 Microbiology

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Erin Castillo

📚 Education ⚕️ Mental Health

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Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier

🔬 Microbiology 🔍 Genetics

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