Innovations

* Jeanes' team developed xanthan gum, derived from Xanthomonas campestris bacteria. * Revolutionized food processing due to its unique thickening and stabilizing properties. * Used extensively in salad dressings, sauces, and baked goods to maintain texture and consistency. * Also essential in gluten-free baking, providing a substitute that mimics texture and properties of gluten. * Used in cosmetics industry to improve texture of creams and lotions.

Clicquot’s husband François died in 1805, leaving his widow (veuve in French) in control of a company variously involved in banking, wool trading, and champagne production. Under Madame Clicquot's control, the house focused entirely on champagne, and thrived. Under her management and her skill with wine, the company developed early champagne using a novel technique called riddling. Prior to this invention the second fermentation of wine to create champagne resulted in a very sweet wine with large bubbles and sediment from the remains of the yeast used in the fermentation in the bottle (which creates the bubbles in the wine) resulting in a cloudy wine. After this second fermentation was complete the bottles were held upside down. The bottles were regularly turned so that the dead yeast would all gather near the cork (riddling). Once the settling was complete, the wine near the cork was removed, followed by an addition of wine to refill the bottle.

Much of Edwards' career focused on the eating habits of pregnant African-American women.[1] In a paper that was published in May 1953, Edwards partook in a study that attempted to analyze the effects of dietary supplements during the pregnancies of anemic women. The women were given either high mineral, high protein or high vitamin supplements. Results showed that women across all three conditions in study were showing the recommended intake levels of calories, proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin. Moreover, these women also had higher red blood cell counts as well as hemoglobin concentrations, following the study. Several correlative conclusions were drawn, among them that the occurrences of birth-related complications in pregnant women with poor diets were higher than in pregnant women who had better diets. Additionally, good diets were correlated with an increase in infant length and weight. Edwards noted that the dietary supplements used in this experiment were both relatively inexpensive and common. She suggested that pregnant women of lower incomes maintain a highly nutritive diet based on these cheap and available foods.

creates 6 types of Landless Foods & one floral spice using microalgae; investigating the use of Cladophora a filamentous alga as a textile & replacement for PVC in raincoats & bags; developed a way to grow microalgae using a concentrated solution on edible agar gel

Invented a corn processing mills & a method for making cloth out of Palmetto leaves & straw; obtained 2 patents in Great Britain from King George but he issued them in her husband Thomas name even though he acknowledged the idea was hers. After returning from London, Sybilla and her husband created the corn mill from the patent. They hoped the invention would sell well in England, but the creation was too ahead.[7] In the colonies, however, it did well.[7] The Southern Colonies were the largest purchasers, and hominy, now called grits, is still widely consumed in the South today. Sybillia eventually died in 1720 and will forever be remembered for the work she completed. Masters' first patent was awarded for a new method of the curing and preparation of cornmeal used a stamping process instead of grinding. The machine consisted of a long wooden cylinder with projections on each side which caused a series of heavy pestles to drop onto mortars filled with corn kernels. This invention was powered by horses or water wheels. It produced a product Masters named, "Tuscarora Rice" which was falsely advertised and sold as a cure for tuberculosis. While the product did not catch on in England, it became a staple of the southeastern diet and is today known as grits.

Pennington educated farmers on the handling of raw milk in order to improve the safety of ice cream sold at local schools. In the same year, she accepted a position with the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania as director of their clinical laboratory. She also served as a research worker in the department of hygiene at the University of Pennsylvania from 1898 to 1901, and was a bacteriologist with the Philadelphia Bureau of Health. In her position with the Bureau of Health, she was instrumental in improving sanitation standards for the handling of milk and milk products.

She learned about nutrition, food preparation, and cooking. A few years later, she developed Joy Products, a successful line of instant food products. Sachs chose the name Joy Products because she said the mixes were a “joy” to create. She developed mixes for muffins, frostings, puddings, and breads. The mixes became very popular during World War II because women were spending less time at home and had less time to cook and bake from scratch. Joy Products remained in business for over 20 years.also invented flashlight with key toy log cabin furniture wine storage & cellar cabinets 2 music games ( DomiNotes & Musicards) accessories for dogs (including Watch-Dog a collar with a watch Bonnie Stand a stand for disposable dog food bowls Gui-Dog an early version of a retractable leash). created 6 products for wine connoisseurs under the name Cramanna (a wine wheel personal wine cellar wine racks a wine log book bottle ring/wine bib & tipsy table; coined the word ""Nutronics"" a method of combining the latest nutritional information with the good parts of home economics; holds 6 patents (2 under Charlotte Cramer 2 under Charlotte A. Cramer)"

Hersh developed a bread recipe that could be prepared on long space flights. Using fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) bags to store the dry ingredients, the bags could then be injected with water, kneaded, & baked in the bag, producing a crumbless bread.

Pennington and Howard Castner Pierce were awarded a U.S. patent for an all-metal poultry-cooling rack for the cooling and grading of poultry, rabbits and game (patent not located); 1898 founded Philadelphia Chemical Laboratory-provided testing for bacteria for doctors for $50/year; 1905 joined US Dept of Agriculture & in 1908 was Chief of their Research Lab (later known as FDA) responsible for overseeing compliance with the 1906 Pure Food Act; developed milk & dairy standards checklists for dairy herds to maintain procedures recommended standards for construction & insulation of refrigerated railroad cars (designed a better insulated car) oversaw the design & construction of refrigerated warehouses commercial & home refrigeration developed a better way to process & freeze fish for commercial sales invented a sterile food container (patent not found) and received patents for storage & freezing eggs; holds 4 patents

The ice cream maker was invented by a woman named Nancy Johnson in 1843. Her patented design is still used today! awarded the 1st US patent for hand-cranked ice cream freezer in 1843 (#3254)

The essential features of my design are a handle, a circular disk secured thereto, and three tapering prongs of equal length arranged in a triangle and projecting from said disk. The accompanying drawing represents a perspective of a handle that embodies my design a represents a circular disk that is perfectly flat'on both sides and from the outer side of which projects the handle 0. From the inner side of the disk projects the three tapering prongs h, which are of the same length and are arranged in a triangle. The handle 0 is round, in crosssection, and largest at its outer end.

Pennington's involvement with refrigerated boxcar design at the Food Research Laboratory led to an interest in the entire process of transporting and storing perishable food, including both refrigerated transport and home refrigeration. During her time with the laboratory, Pennington and Howard Castner Pierce were awarded a U.S. patent for an all-metal poultry-cooling rack for the cooling and grading of poultry, rabbits, and game.[10]

developed a shark repellant used by the US Navy during WWII to prevent sharks from prematurely detonating underwater explosives while she worked for the OSS & it is still used today (her 1st recipe); with Simone Beck & Louisette Bertholle began an informal school named L'ecole des trois gourmandes (The School of 3 Food Lovers) & taught american womenin Paris to cook in Julia's home kitchen after perfecting the recipes used in Mastering the Art of French Cooking (published 1961);wrote 19 cookbooks with many based on her TV shows or companions for them; her last book was an autobiography written with her grandnephew Alex Prud'homme titled "My Life in France" & published posthumously in 2006; won the 1st Emmy for an educational program; in 1972 The French chef was the 1st TV program to be captioned for the deaf; 1981 founded the American Institute of Food & Wine with vintners Robert Mondavi & Richard Graff; 1989 published what she considered her magnum opus, "The Way to Cook;" 1995 established The Julia Child Foundation for Gastronomy & Culinary Arts-it gives grants to other nonprofits to support gastronomy, the culinary arts & the development of the professional food worlds

1897 invented corn-fork

insisted on exact, precise measurements in her recipes thus standardizing measurements in cooking for the 1st time in the USA; transformed cooking & recipes into a science; established the convention that ingredients for a recipe would be given in the order required

* Fanara researches the use of aquaponics for space missions. * Fish can be taken into space as fertilized eggs and then grown to full size on board. * Herbivorous fish like tilapia efficiently produce protein and can eat plant scraps from hydroponic systems that aren’t suitable for humans. * Aquaponics combines aquaculture (raising fish) with hydroponics (growing plants without soil). * It’s a sustainable system where fish waste provides nutrients for plants, and the plants filter the water for the fish. * This offers a closed-loop system for food production during longer space missions.

creator of the Culinique line of Surprise Inside Food Molds; founder of InOvation Enterprises, Inc

In 1891 Deiner patented an improved a rolling pin with an adjustable sleeve that, once placed on the hook, gave the user four cake cutters, making it possible to cut up dough fast enough into different shapes with no waste.

Evans became interested in the disease brucellosis and its relationship to fresh, unpasteurized milk. She discovered that the microbe thrived in infected cows as well as animals that appeared healthy. The reports hypothesized that since the bacteria was found in cow's milk, a threat to human health was likely. She wondered whether the disease in cows could be the cause of undulant fever in humans. She warned that raw milk should be pasteurized to protect people from various diseases. She reported her findings to the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1917 and published her work in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in 1918. She was met with skepticism, particularly because she was a woman and did not have a Ph.D. Eventually, Brucella was confirmed as the disease that caused what was then known as undulant fever and Malta fever. Evans's findings led to the pasteurization of milk in 1930. As a result, the incidence of brucellosis in the United States was significantly reduced.

Reed is the first known African-American woman to receive a US patent. Patent No. 305 474 for a ""Dough Kneader and Roller"" was granted September 23 1884." The patent was for an improved design of existing rollers with dough mixing more evenly while being kept covered and protected.

published the cookery book The British Housewife in 1756; in addition to recipes the book included information on gardening, preserving foods, distilling spirits, making wine, beer & cider, raising animals, cures for common ailments, & household hints;

* Boley is forest supervisor for the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana * Formed a partnership with the Forest Health Protection and the Forest Research branches of the Forest Service * Together they implemented the first regional biomass plant to produces energy from wood chips * As director of the U.S. Forest Service (FS) Southern Region’s Biological and Physical Resources, she oversees 10 program areas within the most biologically diverse Forest Service region in the country encompassing 13.3 million acres of National Forest lands across 13 southern states and Puerto Rico * Supervises partnerships with PARC and the Amphibian and Reptile Conservancy to implement on-the-ground amphibian and reptile conservation projects * Leader in the reduction of the carbon footprint.

Gerry's research in the area of southern pines and turpentining proved to be her most influential efforts. Working in Mississippi, Gerry performed pioneering work in microscopical studies of the anatomy of resin-yielding pines, and successfully developed methods to increase yield as well as prolong the working life of trees. She worked toward developing best methods stating, "The microscope reveals many secrets concerning the activities of the tree in producing turpentine and gives these results more quickly than experimental methods alone."[3] Based on her field-based research, Gerry was able to develop a program of "More turpentine, less scar, better pine" that many later attributed as a savior for the struggling industry.

Witt and her husband founded Cookies for Kids' Cancer following the death of their son Liam to pediatric cancer. The organization raises critically needed funding for childhood cancer research and has granted more than $17 million to the leading pediatric cancer research facilities.

invented electrotherapuetic devise & received a patent; 1873 published "A New Path in Electrical Therapeutics" which described how “electrical cranial diagnosis” could be used to cure a variety of diseases; founder of the Women's Praying band

created Landlord's Game (the precursor to Monopoly) patented 1904 & 1924; the game was an anti-land ownership game & illustrated the teachings of economist Henry George; invented a typewriting machine in 1893 that made it easier for paper to go through the roller & received a patent (not found); 2nd edition of Landlord's Game contained 2 parts-Monopoly & Prosperity; holds 2 patents

* Merchant's research focuses on molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer biology, in particular the pathways involved in chronic inflammation processes * Since 1993, she has worked on a project on the "Transcriptional Control of Gastrin," concerning the origin of gastrinomas * 2002 Merchant and collaborators found that antibiotics did a better job of treating gastritis in mice than blocking acid production with proton pump inhibitors * Holds a patent for a biomarker that can help diagnose Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Crohn's Disease * Contributed to understanding of gastric response to chronic inflammation.

she & husband Sheldon C. Reed founded the study of Drosophila population genetics; conducted studies on penicillin; with Sheldon also studied human genetics specializing in congenital diseases & disorders(concentration of mental/intellectual disorders); contributed to the establishment & standardization of processes to study species evolution; proponent of genetic counseling in family planning; wrote 6 of the 29 teaching plans developed by Minnesota Mathematics & Science Teaching project (Minnemast) funded bt NSF to improve math & science education in primary grades; published over 34 scholarly papers (often just using her initials to conceal her sex) 2 books & public school curriculums; work often overshadowed by her husbands work

* Slye’s work centered on heritability of cancer in mice * Introduced genetically uniform mice as a research tool, breeding them herself. She raised approximately 150,000 mice & kept their pedigrees. * Once went 26 years without a vacation because she didn't want to leave the care of her mice to anyone else.

* Somerville’s book "Physical Geography" was the first English textbook on Geography, starting with the overall structure of planet Earth * Remained in use until the early 20th century * It took an extended view of geography that included the Earth, its flora and fauna, as well as "the past and present condition of man, the origin, manners, and languages of existing nations, and the monuments of those that have been" * Emphasis on the reciprocal dependencies in physical geography and the relationship between human beings and nature.

In her dissertation, Williams sought to explore the factors that eventually lead to the erosion observed in the Anacostia River. Little had been done in terms of examining the upper and lower regions of the river and the basin sedimentation. The flooding of Bladensburg, Maryland precipitated the erosion and necessitated investigation. Williams concluded that, in addition to natural erosion, human activities, including deforestation, agriculture and urbanization, had accelerated the process. When the Industrial Revolution occurred, an abundance of trees offered a ready source of fuel, leading to mass deforestation in the regions surrounding the Anacostia River. Due to European settlement and agricultural processes that necessitated a mass deforestation of these trees, human activity was seen as the primary reason for the erosion which occurred in the Anacostia River. Marguerite’s assessment on the ways human activity leads to major environmental setbacks further denotes her significance in the geoscientific fields. As a result, she is considered to be one of the first scientists who scrutinized the impacts that humans have in deterring natural processes observed in the world.

Dusel-Bacon’s studies have involved deciphering the geologic and tectonic history of east-central Alaska utilizing geologic mapping, metamorphic petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, trace-element tectonic fingerprinting of (meta)igneous rocks, and geochronology (U-Pb zircon,40Ar-39Ar, and apatite fission track data) generated by collaborating scientists. Her studies also have included correlation of regional events in east-central Alaska with those in the western Canadian Cordillera; the age, character, and tectonic setting of submarine, syngenetic, hydrothermal mineral deposits (both volcanic- and sedimentary-hosted); and compilation of a Metamorphic Facies Map of Alaska. Cynthia Dusel-Bacon joined the USGS Branch of Alaskan Geology, headquartered in Menlo Park, California, in 1975. In 1977, during her third field season of geologic mapping in east-central Alaska, she was mauled by a black bear and lost both arms as a result of her injuries. Her disability has not kept her from enjoying a long and productive career that includes fieldwork in Alaska, petrologic studies, and publication of results.

Bascom's specialization in petrography focused on complex layers of rocks and mountains. The formations that took place there had been regarded as sediments previously however, the closer study of it done under microscopes proved them to be altered volcanics and not sediments which Bascom then named "aporhyolites" with the prefix of "apo-".[6]

Bascom contributed to a special type of identification for acidic volcanoes. Her article, "The Structures, Origin, and Nomenclature of Acidic Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain", begins by identifying various rock structures formed by the volcano. Bascom argues that South Mountain's rock formations have changed over time, with some rocks originally showing signs of being rhyolite, but now holocrystalline rock. These rocks defy the nomenclature used to identify rocks invented by German and English scientists, so she created prefixes to add to these pre-existing names, to identify acidic changes in rocks. The prefixes she came up with are meta-, epi-, and apo-. Bascom presented a second notable new conclusion regarding the cycles of erosion within Pennsylvania; earlier scientific thought was that the Piedmont province of Pennsylvania was made by two to three erosion cycles, while she discovered that there were at least nine cycles. Bascom found this by compiling a stratigraphic record of Atlantic deposit in the province, listing the depth, unconformities, and different grain sizes (like sand, clay, or gravel). The cycles occurred over a large period of time, with six cycles occurring in the post-Cretaceous period and three occurring in the Cretaceous period. This conclusion gave scientists new ideas about erosion cycles regarding their rate of occurrence and how to define a cycle. In 1896, Bascom worked as an assistant for the USGS. Her role in the team was to study crystalline schists in a square degree of area along eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as a portion of northwest Delaware. For part of her life as a teacher, Bascom simultaneously worked in the geological survey and her work lead to a multitude of comprehensive reports of geologic folios.

* Atekwana uses geophysics to understand the biogeochemical interactions at contaminated sites * Research investigates the effects of microbial-mediated processes on geological media * Some of her research evaluates the utility and resolution of in situ resistivity measurements combined with surface geoelectrical measurements to map contaminant distribution in the subsurface * Also uses the geoelectric and geophysical signatures of contaminated sites to investigate relationships between biological processes and their impact on electrical properties of geologic material.

2006 founder & president of Cool Globes, In a global nonprofit to raise awareness of global warming & inspire solutions through public art & education; 2011 established the Abrams Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Chicago Law School; substantive critic of the Keystone Pipeline and urged voters to oppose it; with husband, Jim, established The Eleven Eleven Foundation dedicated to environment, healthcare and social justice; established the Abrams Sustainable Business Challenge at Loyola University in Chicago;

research interests include space situational awareness, technology & algorithms for GPS-based position, navigation, & timing in space, airborne, marine & land environments, multipath characterization & correction & remote sensing using GNSS-based (GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems) reflectometry & radio occultation measurements; has contributed to receiver autonomous GPS integrity monitoring (RAIM), GPS bistatic radar & satellite formation flying using GPS

age 14 invented magnetic locker wallpaper so she could decorate her school locker & not have to scrape things off at the end of the year

* Perl, a Hungarian practicing gynecologist, was deported to Auschwitz Concentration Camp with her family. * She was told by Dr. Mengele to point out all the pregnant women; in order to save pregnant women in the camp from experimentation & death, she performed 100s of abortions. * Granted US citizenship in 1951 & worked at Mt. Sinai Hospital as the only female gynecologist on staff, specializing in infertility & diseases associated with pregnancy. * The 2003 movie ‘Out of the Ashes’ based on her life.

In the 1890s, Newman invented a hairbrush which contained evenly spaced rows of bristles with open slots to clear debris away from the hair and into a recessed compartment in the brush back. The brush also had a button which allowed the bristle holder to be removed from the back for cleaning of the brush. The U.S. patent 614,335 was filed on July 11, 1898 and granted on November 14, 1898. The hairbrush she invented was described in her patent as "simple and durable in construction" and being "very effective when in use". Modern hairbrushes still use Newman's design, with the only changes being aesthetic. Lyda's invention changed the hair-care industry, because her design made hairbrushes less expensive, easier to manufacture, and effective to use on textured hair.