Innovations

* Young studied the effects of direct and indirect radiation on sea urchin eggs as well as hydration and dehydration of living cells * 1924 published "On the excretory apparatus in Paramecium" * She was the sole author on the research article, making her the first African American woman to obtain a professional publication on original research in this field. This publication in the zoology field was an international success, symbolizing the impact of Young's scientific achievements early in her career * A group of environmental and conservation groups established the Roger Arliner Young (RAY) Marine Conservation Diversity Fellowship in Young's honor.

1940 1st female to earn captains papers in the US Merchant Marines; during WWII taught navigation & seamanship to Naval Reserve officers; helped establish a fund to enable the Boston Opera to provide reduced priced tickets for lower income youths; during WW1 wrote a pamphlet, "A Little American Soldiers' & Sailors' Diary" for US military members (also distributed to 3,000 Serbian troops), helped assemble soldiers' grooming kits, worked to improve conditions for POWs & joined the US Navy ambulance corps; between 1938 & 1940 logged over 33,700 miles at sea as a navigator; wrote "113 Days on Iron Decks, A Voyage of Rediscovery" based on her daily logs of her 1938 journey on the SS Henry S. Grove; wrote "Again We Sail" an account of her 1939 voyage on the SS Lewis Luckenback from New York through the Panama Canal to San Francisco

1889 founded Foss Maritime Company & it became the largest tugboat company in the Western US

* Wise developed the idea of personalized Tupperware Parties as opposed to selling Tupperware in stores * Became Vice President of Marketing from 1951 to 1958 * First woman on the cover of Business Week as recognition for her pioneering effort in “home parties” as sales events.

* Haile's research centers on ionic conduction in solids. The objectives are to understand the mechanisms that govern ion transport and to apply that understanding to the development of advanced solid electrolytes and novel solid-state electrochemical devices. * Applications of fast ion conductors include batteries, sensors, ion pumps, and fuel cells. * Device development plays an increasingly important role in her research. Micropower generators, based on solid oxide fuel cells are particularly attractive for portable power.

researches & teaches colloidal materials & the relationship between micron & submicron length scales; creates photonic crystals for solar cells using colloidal building blocks; has worked on the Self-assembly of microparticles with hemispherical & dimer shapes

* Bao is founder of Stanford Wearable Electronics Initiative in 2016 (eWEAR); 1 of the founders of C3 Nano Company & PyrAmes Health * development of electronic skin, elastic skin-like integrated circuits that can be used for on-skin sensors, body-scale networks & implantable bioelectronics & may give people who use prosthetics the ability to regain their sense of touch * developed the first all-plastic transistor, or organic field-effect transistor, which allows for use in electronic paper.

known for viral assembly of nanotechnology; she & her team at MIT engineered M13 bacteriophage which is used to treat Ercherichia coli; discovered M13 nanowires resemble the basic components of a potentially powerful & compact battery; 2002 with Evelyn Hu founded Cambria; founder & on the Advisory Committee of Siluiria Technologies which develops catalystic methods for converting natural gas, into products such as ethylene, gasoline, & diesel fuel; 2009 she & her team demonstrated the feasibility of using genetically modified viruses to build both anode & cathode of a lithium-ion battery a process using a cheap & environmentally friendly process with no harmful solvents or toxic materials; 2014 she & her team demonstrated the potential for M13 phages to detect cancer by using M13 virus stabilized SWNTs (single walled carbon nanotubes) to visualize deep disseminated tumors in vivo to identify submillimeter tumors; at University of Texas at Austin she & her team discovered a novel way to make liquid crystalline film

Billings began researching materials in manuscripts from the Renaissance Era, where she learned that the plaster used in frescoes was fortified with a material similar to cement (but not cement); that material affected the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby strengthening it.[6] Eight years later she invented, in her basement lab,[6] the Geobond construction material.[7][8] She sent a 10-inch statue made of her new material to a scientist, who encouraged her to persist.[1] In 1996, The Wall Street Journal published a profile of Billings that also described fire-resistance testing of Geobond by Underwriters Laboratories, the Kansas City Fire Department, and a government lab at Edwards Air Force Base.[1]. In addition for the patentfor Geobond has others for building materials; with Susan Michalski developed & patented a process & design for modular, fire-resistant molded building panels using a gypsum cement catalyst formula in layers between a framework of rigid studs; inventor of Geobond, a fire-proof, non-toxic, indestructible, & non-carcinogenic safe alternative to asbestos; invented Craftcote for the simple repairs of sculptures

Chowdhry has specialized in the science of ceramic materials, including catalysts, proton conductors, superconductors and ceramic packaging for microelectronics. She led DuPont's research effort in ceramic superconducting materials and developed a program that generated over 20 patents and 50 publications.

non-linear partial differential equations & Graphical models for data science; holds 8 patents

Browne's work on classical groups demonstrated simple proofs of important topological properties of and relations between classical groups.[5] Her work in general focused on linear and matrix algebra. Browne saw the importance of computer science early on, writing a $60,000 grant to IBM to bring a computer to NCCU in 1960—one of the first computers in academic computing, and probably the first at a historically black school.[1] Throughout her career, Browne worked to help gifted mathematics students, educating them and offering them financial support to pursue higher education. Notable students included Joseph Battle, William Fletcher, Asamoah Nkwanta, and Nathan Simms.[6] She established summer institutes to provide continuing education in mathematics for high school teachers. In 1974 she was awarded the first W. W. Rankin Memorial Award from the North Carolina Council of Teachers of Mathematics for her work with mathematics education.[1]

14th African American female to obtain a PhD in Mathematics

Known for her publications related to Cauchy's Problem for Higher-Order Abstract Parabolic Equations; 15th African American Female to obtain a PhD in Mathematics

specialty in abstract algebra 11th African American female awarded a PhD in Mathematics 1969

pioneers of applied mathematics in the twentieth century; co-developed slip-line theory; 1st woman to teach applied mathematics at a German University

* Granville began a position at computing giant IBM in 1956, and was later part of the IBM team contracted by NASA in 1959, during the dawning days of the space race. * Her job included programming early mainframe computers, where she worked on NASA's Project Vanguard satellite and first crewed Mercury launches. * Granville later performed moon landing calculations as technical support for engineers on the Apollo program.

specializes in research into group theory & abstract algebra; is on the committee that writes mathematics portion of GREs & consultant for AP Calculus examination

In working for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hunt worked on mathematical problems from physics and chemistry research. While working at NIST she continued her own research on the ergodic theory of dynamical systems.[6]

* Jackson analyzed data from wind tunnel experiments and real-world aircraft flight experiments at the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division at Langley. * Her goal was to understand air flow, including thrust and drag forces, in order to improve United States planes. * Jackson worked on Project Mercury during the Space Race, also focusing on the behavior of the boundary layer of air around airplanes.

* Johnson worked as an aerospace mathematician, moving during her career to the Spacecraft Controls Branch. * She calculated the trajectory for the May 5, 1961, space flight of Alan Shepard, the first American in space. * She also calculated the launch window for his 1961 Mercury mission. * She plotted backup navigation charts for astronauts in case of electronic failures. * When NASA used electronic computers for the first time to calculate John Glenn's orbit around Earth, officials called on Johnson to verify the computer's numbers; Glenn had asked for her specifically and had refused to fly unless Johnson verified the calculations.

* Mann was one of the first Black female computers for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), later NASA. * At the time she was hired, the state of Virginia was segregated, as was the NACA campus at Langley, Virginia. * Mann repeatedly removed the "COLORED COMPUTERS" sign segregating the cafeteria. The sign was replaced each time until Mann removed it a final time and it was never replaced. * Mann also worked on John Glenn's space mission.

researched Teichmuller theory hyperbolic geometry ergodic theory & symplectic geometry; found that a property of the modulus space corresponds to the number of simple closed geodesics of the hyperbolic surface; developed a simple proof for the theorem of Schur; proved William Thurston's earthquake flow on Teichmuller space is ergodic; 2014 with Alex Eskin & input from Amir Mohammadi proved complex geodesics & their closures in moduli space are surprisingly regular rather than irregular or fractal; made several contributions to the theory of moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces

* In leading a team of NASA mathematicians to track the orbits of Echo 1 & 2, Mouton was the head programmer who coded computer programs used to calculate the locations & trajectories of spacecraft. * This gave NASA the ability to track spacecraft in orbit.

Robinson was noted for her contributions to the fields of computability theory and computational complexity theoryùmost notably in decision problems. Her work on Hilbert's tenth problem (now known as Matiyasevich's theorem or the MRDP theorem) played a crucial role in its ultimate resolution; 1950 J.R. Hypothesis named after her; made significant contributions to game theory

Walton has done research on Noncommunicatative Algebra & Representation Theory. This area of mathematics. Over the last few decades noncommutative algebraic geometry (in its many forms) has become increasingly important, both within noncommutative algebra/representation theory, as well as having significant applications to algebraic geometry and other neighbouring areas.

"Calculus of variations; Geometric analysis; Minimal surfaces; YangûMills-Higgs theory; initiated a systematic study of the moduli theory of minimal surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds (AKA minimal submanifold theory) in 1983; studied Harmonic maps, Lie algebra & gauge theory"

After receiving a degree in Mathematics in 1939, Livesay went to Philadelphia to complete a training course in operating and programming IBM electric calculating machines. For six months, with the help of an assistant, Livesay designed and implemented plug-board programs, punched cards, and carried cards over from one machine to another. With this training in hand, Livesay arrived at Los Alamos in February 1944. She was assigned to work with a theoretical group calculating the predicted shock wave from an implosion-type bomb. Since this group would be using IBM machines, Livesay was well qualified. Her position involved supervising the crew that kept the IBM machines running 24 hours a day, as well as performing hand calculations to check for any errors made by the machines.

* During her time at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Canright calculated thrust from rocket engines and analyzed the data to increase performance. * One of Canright's crowning achievements was the successful use of rockets for bomber aircraft. * After the successful development of jet propulsion bombers, her company JPL shifted its focus to designing a rocket which would reach a higher altitude than a helium-filled balloon. * Canright, along with Melba Nead, Virginia Prettyman, and Macie Roberts, were responsible for calculating the potential of rocket propellants. * In 1943, after the success of designing and testing of a rocket propellant, Canright became pregnant with her first child. Due to the unavailability of maternity leave in 1943, Canright had to resign.

her mathematical theory known as Cartwright's Theorem gives an estimate for the maximum modulus of an analytic function that takes the same value no more than p times in the unit disc; her collaboration with J. E. Littlewood greatly influenced the direction that the modern theory of dynamical systems has taken; 1945 simplified Hermite's elementary proof of the irrationality of Pi; some of her work described deep & delicate phenomena which can appear near fractal boundaries & have found new applications in this field; did work on cluster sets in 1950s; the Cartwright Theorem is applied in signal processing & is her most important work in the theory of functions; did work on directions of Borel spreads; with Littlewood developed the Fixed Point Theorem; worked with E. F. Collingwood on the theory of cluster sets; worked with H. P. F. Swinnterton-Dyer on boundedness theorems for second-order differential equations; worked with Littlewood on the solutions of the Van der Pol equation

Vaughn collaborated on a handbook for algebraic methods for calculating machines. She was the first African-American supervisor at NACA (now NASA). Vaughn worked with Katherine G. Johnson & Mary Jackson on John Glenn's launch into orbit.

Gilmer and her assistants, 14-year-old Stephanie Desgrottes and teacher Mary Potter, observed and interviewed both hair stylists and customers in the two cities' salons, inquiring about tessellations in box braids (box-shaped tessellations resembling brick walls) and triangular braids (tessellations resembling equilateral triangles), two styles that restrict the movement of the hair when the head is tossed. While these hair stylists do not generally think of what they do as mathematical, Gilmer detailed the many mathematically based patterns in these and other types of braiding and how they are found in nature, such as the tessellating hexagons found in braids that resembles the flesh of pineapples and the honeycombs in beehives. As an educator, Gilmer used these results to create classroom activities for students to understand the mathematics of hair braiding

* Haynes founded the Mathematics Dept at Miner's Teacher's College (now University of the District of Columbia). * This school was dedicated to training African American teachers.

Both Svager and her husband were university professors with a strong commitment to furthering education opportunities. During their professional lives, the Svagers lived on one income and invested the other to build a scholarship fund. After her death, her husband established the Thyrsa Frazier Svager Fund at the Dayton Foundation, for African-American women who major in mathematics at one of six universities, with a legacy contribution planned. Svager also wrote 2 textbooks: CSU's Modern Elementary Algebra Workbook (1969) & Essential Mathematics for College Freshmen(1976).

Bozeman was one of the founders of Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education (EDGE), a transition program for women entering graduate studies in the Mathematical sciences. Male faculty tend to be less sensitive to the ways in which women treat their studies, Bozeman says. The EDGE program brings in senior graduates and panelists. The students form study groups and learn how to give and receive information. Critical to graduate school survival, says Bozeman. In 2007 the EDGE Program was given special recognition by the American Mathematical Society for its effectiveness.

Washington is active in education policy, especially best practices on achieving racial and ethnic diversity in STEM.[11] At the NSF, she has served as co-Lead of the Hispanic-Serving Institutions Program and is a graduate of the STEM diversity organization SACNAS.[12] She serves on the Council of the American Mathematical Society and served on the Executive Committee of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM). Her research interests include the applications of differential equations to problems in biology & engineering, the development of nonstandard finite difference schemes to numerically solve dynamical systems.

wrote the detailed Operators Manual for the ENIAC around 1945; was an instrumental player in converting the ENIAC from a computer that needed to be reprogrammed each time it was used to one that was able to perform a set of fifty stored instructions;

as a graduate student developed computer tools for studying problem noise in the suburbs and investigated how to produce quieter computer printers; while working at Bell Labs developed devices for microphones and earphones and improved conference calling systems to eliminate echoes that some speakers produce; at University of Texas worked on on ways to reduce the level of noise that comes from transportation & discovered it was the shape of the highway barriers, not their composition, that effected noise levels;

Clark spent many summers at Frankford Arsenal doing research on recoilless weapons. She also spent a summer working with NASA in Huntsville, Alabama where she investigated Saturn V engines for hot spots. She then spent a summer at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, helping design the containers Neil Armstrong used to bring Moon samples back to earth.[6] Clark did further research that discovered methods for revitalizing and modernizing part of the inner city through the Westinghouse's Defense and Space Center in Baltimore, Maryland. As of the 1990s, her research focuses on refrigerants. She is the main investigator for the research project "Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of Alternative Refrigerants in Heat Pump Cycles"

renowned scholar of theoretical & experimental mechanics of macromolecular materials; developed a new helmet technology that is capable of dissipating a significant portion of kinetic energy that travels through the head after impact before that energy reaches the brain; developed a highly successful model for ACL repair that restores native anatomy & function within 6-9 months of implementation & started a company, STEL Technologies LLC in 2013 to market the technology; 1993 published the Arruda-Boyce model for the behavior of rubber-like polymers with Maria Cunningham Boyce