Innovations

with Bruce Heezen published first scientific map of the Atlantic Ocean floor in 1977; her cartography revealed a more detailed topography and multi-dimensional geographical landscape of the ocean bottom; her map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge & its rift valley helped proved the theory of plate tectonics & continental drift; with Heezen produced the Bathymetric Globe; 1957 with Heezen published 1st physiographic map of the North Atlantic; 1961 published map of the South Atlantic Ocean; 1964 published map of the Indian Ocean

One of the early researchers at what is now The Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Essenberg authored the Quantitative Studies On Inshore Marine Diatoms And Dinoflagellates Of Southern California In 1920, And Stylarioides Papillosa Sp. Nov., A New Annelid From The San Diego Region. Opened The American School for Girls in Damascus Syria 1925; published "Description of Some NewSpecies of Polynoidae From the Coast of California" a 28 page paper in 1917; published "The Factors of some New Species of Polynoidae From the Coast of California" a 146 page paper in 1918

at Oak Ridge National Lab led several national climate change mitigation studies & was a leader in the analysis & interpretation of energy futures in the US; co-founder of Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance; served 2 terms (2020-17) as a Presidential appointee & regulator on the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority; created & leads the climate & Energy Policy Lab at Georgia Tech

* Torrey developed a chemical method for quantitative determination of incipient spoilage of fruits & vegetables indigenous to Tennessee * Known for developing a mechanism to decompose hydrogen sulfide * Conducted studies in the realm of applying mass spectrometry to analyze specific noble gases patterns of gaseous formation.

Clicquot’s husband François died in 1805, leaving his widow (veuve in French) in control of a company variously involved in banking, wool trading, and champagne production. Under Madame Clicquot's control, the house focused entirely on champagne, and thrived. Under her management and her skill with wine, the company developed early champagne using a novel technique called riddling. Prior to this invention the second fermentation of wine to create champagne resulted in a very sweet wine with large bubbles and sediment from the remains of the yeast used in the fermentation in the bottle (which creates the bubbles in the wine) resulting in a cloudy wine. After this second fermentation was complete the bottles were held upside down. The bottles were regularly turned so that the dead yeast would all gather near the cork (riddling). Once the settling was complete, the wine near the cork was removed, followed by an addition of wine to refill the bottle.

Much of Edwards' career focused on the eating habits of pregnant African-American women.[1] In a paper that was published in May 1953, Edwards partook in a study that attempted to analyze the effects of dietary supplements during the pregnancies of anemic women. The women were given either high mineral, high protein or high vitamin supplements. Results showed that women across all three conditions in study were showing the recommended intake levels of calories, proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin. Moreover, these women also had higher red blood cell counts as well as hemoglobin concentrations, following the study. Several correlative conclusions were drawn, among them that the occurrences of birth-related complications in pregnant women with poor diets were higher than in pregnant women who had better diets. Additionally, good diets were correlated with an increase in infant length and weight. Edwards noted that the dietary supplements used in this experiment were both relatively inexpensive and common. She suggested that pregnant women of lower incomes maintain a highly nutritive diet based on these cheap and available foods.

creates 6 types of Landless Foods & one floral spice using microalgae; investigating the use of Cladophora a filamentous alga as a textile & replacement for PVC in raincoats & bags; developed a way to grow microalgae using a concentrated solution on edible agar gel

Invented a corn processing mills & a method for making cloth out of Palmetto leaves & straw; obtained 2 patents in Great Britain from King George but he issued them in her husband Thomas name even though he acknowledged the idea was hers. After returning from London, Sybilla and her husband created the corn mill from the patent. They hoped the invention would sell well in England, but the creation was too ahead.[7] In the colonies, however, it did well.[7] The Southern Colonies were the largest purchasers, and hominy, now called grits, is still widely consumed in the South today. Sybillia eventually died in 1720 and will forever be remembered for the work she completed. Masters' first patent was awarded for a new method of the curing and preparation of cornmeal used a stamping process instead of grinding. The machine consisted of a long wooden cylinder with projections on each side which caused a series of heavy pestles to drop onto mortars filled with corn kernels. This invention was powered by horses or water wheels. It produced a product Masters named, "Tuscarora Rice" which was falsely advertised and sold as a cure for tuberculosis. While the product did not catch on in England, it became a staple of the southeastern diet and is today known as grits.

Pennington educated farmers on the handling of raw milk in order to improve the safety of ice cream sold at local schools. In the same year, she accepted a position with the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania as director of their clinical laboratory. She also served as a research worker in the department of hygiene at the University of Pennsylvania from 1898 to 1901, and was a bacteriologist with the Philadelphia Bureau of Health. In her position with the Bureau of Health, she was instrumental in improving sanitation standards for the handling of milk and milk products.

She learned about nutrition, food preparation, and cooking. A few years later, she developed Joy Products, a successful line of instant food products. Sachs chose the name Joy Products because she said the mixes were a “joy” to create. She developed mixes for muffins, frostings, puddings, and breads. The mixes became very popular during World War II because women were spending less time at home and had less time to cook and bake from scratch. Joy Products remained in business for over 20 years.also invented flashlight with key toy log cabin furniture wine storage & cellar cabinets 2 music games ( DomiNotes & Musicards) accessories for dogs (including Watch-Dog a collar with a watch Bonnie Stand a stand for disposable dog food bowls Gui-Dog an early version of a retractable leash). created 6 products for wine connoisseurs under the name Cramanna (a wine wheel personal wine cellar wine racks a wine log book bottle ring/wine bib & tipsy table; coined the word ""Nutronics"" a method of combining the latest nutritional information with the good parts of home economics; holds 6 patents (2 under Charlotte Cramer 2 under Charlotte A. Cramer)"

Pennington and Howard Castner Pierce were awarded a U.S. patent for an all-metal poultry-cooling rack for the cooling and grading of poultry, rabbits and game (patent not located); 1898 founded Philadelphia Chemical Laboratory-provided testing for bacteria for doctors for $50/year; 1905 joined US Dept of Agriculture & in 1908 was Chief of their Research Lab (later known as FDA) responsible for overseeing compliance with the 1906 Pure Food Act; developed milk & dairy standards checklists for dairy herds to maintain procedures recommended standards for construction & insulation of refrigerated railroad cars (designed a better insulated car) oversaw the design & construction of refrigerated warehouses commercial & home refrigeration developed a better way to process & freeze fish for commercial sales invented a sterile food container (patent not found) and received patents for storage & freezing eggs; holds 4 patents

The ice cream maker was invented by a woman named Nancy Johnson in 1843. Her patented design is still used today! awarded the 1st US patent for hand-cranked ice cream freezer in 1843 (#3254)

The essential features of my design are a handle, a circular disk secured thereto, and three tapering prongs of equal length arranged in a triangle and projecting from said disk. The accompanying drawing represents a perspective of a handle that embodies my design a represents a circular disk that is perfectly flat'on both sides and from the outer side of which projects the handle 0. From the inner side of the disk projects the three tapering prongs h, which are of the same length and are arranged in a triangle. The handle 0 is round, in crosssection, and largest at its outer end.

Pennington's involvement with refrigerated boxcar design at the Food Research Laboratory led to an interest in the entire process of transporting and storing perishable food, including both refrigerated transport and home refrigeration. During her time with the laboratory, Pennington and Howard Castner Pierce were awarded a U.S. patent for an all-metal poultry-cooling rack for the cooling and grading of poultry, rabbits, and game.[10]

developed a shark repellant used by the US Navy during WWII to prevent sharks from prematurely detonating underwater explosives while she worked for the OSS & it is still used today (her 1st recipe); with Simone Beck & Louisette Bertholle began an informal school named L'ecole des trois gourmandes (The School of 3 Food Lovers) & taught american womenin Paris to cook in Julia's home kitchen after perfecting the recipes used in Mastering the Art of French Cooking (published 1961);wrote 19 cookbooks with many based on her TV shows or companions for them; her last book was an autobiography written with her grandnephew Alex Prud'homme titled "My Life in France" & published posthumously in 2006; won the 1st Emmy for an educational program; in 1972 The French chef was the 1st TV program to be captioned for the deaf; 1981 founded the American Institute of Food & Wine with vintners Robert Mondavi & Richard Graff; 1989 published what she considered her magnum opus, "The Way to Cook;" 1995 established The Julia Child Foundation for Gastronomy & Culinary Arts-it gives grants to other nonprofits to support gastronomy, the culinary arts & the development of the professional food worlds

1897 invented corn-fork

insisted on exact, precise measurements in her recipes thus standardizing measurements in cooking for the 1st time in the USA; transformed cooking & recipes into a science; established the convention that ingredients for a recipe would be given in the order required

creator of the Culinique line of Surprise Inside Food Molds; founder of InOvation Enterprises, Inc

In 1891 Deiner patented an improved a rolling pin with an adjustable sleeve that, once placed on the hook, gave the user four cake cutters, making it possible to cut up dough fast enough into different shapes with no waste.

Evans became interested in the disease brucellosis and its relationship to fresh, unpasteurized milk. She discovered that the microbe thrived in infected cows as well as animals that appeared healthy. The reports hypothesized that since the bacteria was found in cow's milk, a threat to human health was likely. She wondered whether the disease in cows could be the cause of undulant fever in humans. She warned that raw milk should be pasteurized to protect people from various diseases. She reported her findings to the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1917 and published her work in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in 1918. She was met with skepticism, particularly because she was a woman and did not have a Ph.D. Eventually, Brucella was confirmed as the disease that caused what was then known as undulant fever and Malta fever. Evans's findings led to the pasteurization of milk in 1930. As a result, the incidence of brucellosis in the United States was significantly reduced.

Reed is the first known African-American woman to receive a US patent. Patent No. 305 474 for a ""Dough Kneader and Roller"" was granted September 23 1884." The patent was for an improved design of existing rollers with dough mixing more evenly while being kept covered and protected.

Gerry's research in the area of southern pines and turpentining proved to be her most influential efforts. Working in Mississippi, Gerry performed pioneering work in microscopical studies of the anatomy of resin-yielding pines, and successfully developed methods to increase yield as well as prolong the working life of trees. She worked toward developing best methods stating, "The microscope reveals many secrets concerning the activities of the tree in producing turpentine and gives these results more quickly than experimental methods alone."[3] Based on her field-based research, Gerry was able to develop a program of "More turpentine, less scar, better pine" that many later attributed as a savior for the struggling industry.

Witt and her husband founded Cookies for Kids' Cancer following the death of their son Liam to pediatric cancer. The organization raises critically needed funding for childhood cancer research and has granted more than $17 million to the leading pediatric cancer research facilities.

* Atekwana uses geophysics to understand the biogeochemical interactions at contaminated sites * Research investigates the effects of microbial-mediated processes on geological media * Some of her research evaluates the utility and resolution of in situ resistivity measurements combined with surface geoelectrical measurements to map contaminant distribution in the subsurface * Also uses the geoelectric and geophysical signatures of contaminated sites to investigate relationships between biological processes and their impact on electrical properties of geologic material.

In 1987, Curtis filed a US patent application that subsequently issued as Patent No. 4,753,647. This is a modification of a diaper with a moisture-proof pocket containing wipes that can be taken out and used with one hand. Curtis refused to allow her invention to be marketed until companies started selling biodegradable diapers. The full statutory term of this patent expired February 20, 2007, and it is now in the public domain. She filed a second US patent application related to disposable diapers in 2016 which issued as US Patent 9,827,151.

Donovan, a mother tired of changing wet crib sheets, strongly felt that cloth diapers served "more as a wick than a sponge.” Donovan ripped her shower curtain off of the hanger, cut it into pieces, and sewed it into a waterproof diaper cover with snaps instead of safety pins. This led to a diaper cover with an insert for an absorbent diaper panel and a breathable parachute cloth. However, no big names manufacturers were interested, so she started manufacturing herself. In 1949, her waterproof diaper was a great success at Saks Fifth Avenue. A couple years later, she sold her company and her patents to Keko Corporation for a million dollars because even though she considered continuing her creation of a diaper with absorbent paper, executives apparently were not interested. The first mass-produced disposable diaper, Pampers, did not hit the shelves until 1961. Donovan's invention was made famous by Procter and Gamble in 1961 under the name Pampers.

Harper invented the reclining shampoo chair & cut-out sink to enhance the comfort of her customers. Her salons also offered scalp massage, child care, and evening hours. The hair products her company produced were intended to be healthier than those widely available at the time and were made largely with natural products.

In 1977, Smith was working with Lisa Lindahl on costumes for the William Shakespeare Festival. Lindahl was a keen athlete, and expressed discomfort when running in a regular bra. Together they came up with the design for a sports bra, and worked with Hinda Miller to source the materials and conduct a test run. When Smith visited New York for work, she returned with new fabrics – elastics and Lycra – and created a bra for Lindahl's measurements. Lindahl and Miller co-founded Jogbra, Inc.

Walker designed a method of grooming to promote hair growth and to condition the scalp through the use of her products. The system included a shampoo, a pomade stated to help hair grow, strenuous brushing, and applying iron combs to hair. Walker claimed that method made lackluster and brittle hair soft and luxuriant. In addition to training in sales and grooming, Walker showed other black women how to budget and build businesses and encouraged them to become financially independent. In 1917, inspired by the model of the National Association of Colored Women, Walker began organizing her sales agents into state and local clubs. She became the first female self-made millionaire in America according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

* Eng was appointed Senior Advisor for Knowledge Management (2008-2013) at Nuclear Regulatory Commission * Knowledge Management emerged as a scientific discipline in the early 1990s * Objective of knowledge management is to manage and maximize the intangible assets of an organization * Includes Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance knowledge sharing and creation * Includes Organisational focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best * Includes Ecological focus on the interaction of people, identity, knowledge, and environmental factors as a complex adaptive system akin to a natural ecosystem.

The Finkbeiner test is a checklist proposed by freelance journalist Christie Aschwanden to help journalists avoid gender bias in media articles about women in science. To pass the test, an article about a female scientist must not mention: That she is a woman, her husband's job, her childcare arrangements, how she nurtures her underlings, how she was taken aback by the competitiveness in her field, how she is a role model for other women, how she's the "first woman to ..."

Aschwanden produces the podcast "Emerging Form" which discusses the creative process. She has investigated different factors influencing the research process & spent 1 year (2015) investigating whether science was "broken". Her investigations have considered scientific misconduct and fraud, and found that whilst these cases made headlines, they were a "mere distraction" from science itself. She has studied P-hacking, a method that involves narrowing or expanding data sets to prove a particular hypothesis.

Refusing to fall back on pop jargon about “recovery” or to offer easy solutions or standardized timelines, Finkbeiner’s is a genuine and moving search to come to terms with loss. Her complex profiles of parents resonate with the honesty and authenticity of uncomfortable emotions expressed and, most importantly, shared with others experiencing a similar loss. Finally, each profile exemplifies the many heroic ways parents learn to live with their pain, and by so doing, honor the lives their children should have lived, the book was prompted by the death of her son & her own reactions; co-proprietor of a science-ish blog, The Last Word on Nothing; her blog comments on what she wasn't going to write about when writing about women scientists inspired Christie Aschwanden to formalize the items & create The Finkbeiner Test a checklist to help science journalists avoid gender bias in articles about women in science-it asks writers to avoid describing women scientists in terms of stereotypically feminine traits, such as their family arrangements;.

* Haile's research centers on ionic conduction in solids. The objectives are to understand the mechanisms that govern ion transport and to apply that understanding to the development of advanced solid electrolytes and novel solid-state electrochemical devices. * Applications of fast ion conductors include batteries, sensors, ion pumps, and fuel cells. * Device development plays an increasingly important role in her research. Micropower generators, based on solid oxide fuel cells are particularly attractive for portable power.

researches & teaches colloidal materials & the relationship between micron & submicron length scales; creates photonic crystals for solar cells using colloidal building blocks; has worked on the Self-assembly of microparticles with hemispherical & dimer shapes

* Bao is founder of Stanford Wearable Electronics Initiative in 2016 (eWEAR); 1 of the founders of C3 Nano Company & PyrAmes Health * development of electronic skin, elastic skin-like integrated circuits that can be used for on-skin sensors, body-scale networks & implantable bioelectronics & may give people who use prosthetics the ability to regain their sense of touch * developed the first all-plastic transistor, or organic field-effect transistor, which allows for use in electronic paper.

known for viral assembly of nanotechnology; she & her team at MIT engineered M13 bacteriophage which is used to treat Ercherichia coli; discovered M13 nanowires resemble the basic components of a potentially powerful & compact battery; 2002 with Evelyn Hu founded Cambria; founder & on the Advisory Committee of Siluiria Technologies which develops catalystic methods for converting natural gas, into products such as ethylene, gasoline, & diesel fuel; 2009 she & her team demonstrated the feasibility of using genetically modified viruses to build both anode & cathode of a lithium-ion battery a process using a cheap & environmentally friendly process with no harmful solvents or toxic materials; 2014 she & her team demonstrated the potential for M13 phages to detect cancer by using M13 virus stabilized SWNTs (single walled carbon nanotubes) to visualize deep disseminated tumors in vivo to identify submillimeter tumors; at University of Texas at Austin she & her team discovered a novel way to make liquid crystalline film

Billings began researching materials in manuscripts from the Renaissance Era, where she learned that the plaster used in frescoes was fortified with a material similar to cement (but not cement); that material affected the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby strengthening it.[6] Eight years later she invented, in her basement lab,[6] the Geobond construction material.[7][8] She sent a 10-inch statue made of her new material to a scientist, who encouraged her to persist.[1] In 1996, The Wall Street Journal published a profile of Billings that also described fire-resistance testing of Geobond by Underwriters Laboratories, the Kansas City Fire Department, and a government lab at Edwards Air Force Base.[1]. In addition for the patentfor Geobond has others for building materials; with Susan Michalski developed & patented a process & design for modular, fire-resistant molded building panels using a gypsum cement catalyst formula in layers between a framework of rigid studs; inventor of Geobond, a fire-proof, non-toxic, indestructible, & non-carcinogenic safe alternative to asbestos; invented Craftcote for the simple repairs of sculptures

Chowdhry has specialized in the science of ceramic materials, including catalysts, proton conductors, superconductors and ceramic packaging for microelectronics. She led DuPont's research effort in ceramic superconducting materials and developed a program that generated over 20 patents and 50 publications.

wrote the detailed Operators Manual for the ENIAC around 1945; was an instrumental player in converting the ENIAC from a computer that needed to be reprogrammed each time it was used to one that was able to perform a set of fifty stored instructions;