Innovations

* Charpentier uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. * Demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA. * Essential to the CRISPR process, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020.

* Hazen and Brown began searching for an effective antifungal agent for the New York State Health Department * In 1950, they presented the first safe and effective antifungal antibiotic to the National Academy of Sciences * The research had numerous applications ranging from saving infected trees to restoring paintings & artwork damaged by mold * Further research developed nystatin, the first fungicide safe for treating humans.

Co-creator of Barabasi-Albert algorithm with Albert Laszlo Barabasi

Investigates the molecular & genetic basis of learning memory & its disorders especially epilepsy & Alzheimers; discovered the role of NF-kB in fear memory formation & in epilepsy leading to memory loss; found a3B1 integrin signalling may be responsible for suppression of cytokine responses in epithelial cells during inflammation & wound healing

Addressed the need to improve science education & research opportunities at minority institutions; helped establish Delta Research & Educational Foundation (DREF); helped launch Head Start Program

* Wu is known for the Wu Experiment which proved parity was not conserved * Worked on the Manhattan Project, and helped develop the process for separating uranium into uranium-235 & uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion *Was an authority on beta decay * In 1975 Wu met with President Ford & requested he form an advisory scientific body resulting in the formation of the Office of Science & Technology Policy.

* Cobb's research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage, and on the effects of hormones, ultraviolet light, and chemotherapy agents on cell division. * Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers, lung cancers, and childhood leukemia. * This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases.

* Slye’s work focused on the heritability of cancer in mice. She raised—and kept pedigrees for—150,000 mice during her career. * Her belief that cancer was a recessive trait that could be eliminated through breeding caused clashes with fellow scientists. * She was also an advocate for the comprehensive archiving of human medical records, believing that proper mate selection would help eradicate cancer. * She was one of the first scientists to suggest that cancer can be an inherited disease. For that Slye was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923.

* Brown worked to develop the compound cilastatin sodium * This led to the creation of Primaxin, an antibiotic used to treat severe internal infections, diseases caused by flesh-eating bacteria, & some types of pneumonia * Spent 36 years in research before switching to a career as an educator * Has written 2 books profiling African-American women in chemistry.

* Crans specializes in the fundamental chemistry and biochemistry of drugs, with particular focus on vanadium * Research also in other transition metal ions as metals in medicine and their mechanisms of toxicity * Contributed to over 215 peer-reviewed articles.

* Prescod-Weinstein worked on “Physics: A Reconstruction of Observers" seeking to answer questions regarding how to re-frame who is an "observer" * Study of cultures existing outside of the European Enlightenment framework, and how that might change knowledge production in science * Also studies the origin & history of the Universe.

* Randall’s research postulates that there are more than 4 dimensions * Contributed to the Randall-Sundrum model with Raman Sundrum * Describes the world in terms of a warped-geometry higher-dimensional universe * works toward understanding & building models of the Standard Model of particle physics supersymmetry.

* Meade-Tollin’s research includes screening desert plants and fungi for ingredients that could be used in cancer treatment drugs. * She isolates and tests metabolites from desert plants and microorganisms for anti-cancer properties. * At the University of Arizona, she developed a reproducible & physiologically relevant bioassay for angiogenic inhibitors & enhancers suitable for drug discovery screening.

* Cohn studied chemical reactions within animal cells. * A pioneer in the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, Cohn transformed the study of enzymes by aiming high-tech instruments at them. * Pioneered the use of isotopic tracers to examine the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds.

* Carter’s current research focuses on the understanding and design of materials for sustainable energy. * Include conversion of sunlight to electricity, clean and efficient use of biofuels and solid oxide fuel cells, and development of materials for use in fuel-efficient vehicles and fusion reactors * Her early work was to accurately describe molecules at the quantum level * Developed an algorithm for identifying transitional states in clean reactions * Investigated the chemical and mechanical causes and mechanisms of failure in materials such as silicon, germanium, iron and steel, and proposed methods for protecting materials from failure.

is known for her work on low temperature, glass-compatible, high-speed polysilicon coatings for large area electronics, otherwise known as thin-film transistor technology, or TFT; while working at Memorex invented an organic photoconductor-based microfilm for computer data recording & produced magnetic tape and disk coating formulations with improved dispersion of magnetic particles; 1971 began working at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) & invented several novel display devices there, including a stylus-writable electrophoretic display, a phototransistor, and a new material for a low-cost electrophoretic display

constructed the first instrument ever to be able to measure van der Waals clusters ( the van der Waals equation accounts for the non-ideal behavior of gases at the molecular level); co-founded, within Eastman Kodak, the Hispanic Organization for Leadership and Advancement (HOLA);founded a program in Rochester called "Partnership in Education" that provides Hispanic role models in the classroom to teach science and math to limited English proficient students; founder of Latinas Unidas;

*Anderson was pioneer in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy *Known for studies of fluorine-19 & solid rocket propellants * Funded her own research; found it difficult to obtain funding due to her race * Received her physical organic chemistry Ph.D. in 1968 * Coined the term "substituent chemical shift".

at Mt. Holyoke College established a research program studying the ultraviolet spectra of hydrocarbons & established a link between the frequencies of the absorptions & the enthalpy change of combustion of the compound; participated in the International Critical Tables of the International Research Council working with Professor Victor Henri of the Unversity of Zurich; was a worldwide leader in the use of the ultraviolet spectra of organic molecules as a means of investigating their electronic structures; her research studies in the 1930s contributed to the understanding of the carbon-carbon double bond

Invented invisible or nonreflective glass used in cameras eye glasses projectors periscopes & spy cameras; improved gas masks during World War I; invented airplane wing deicer; invented color gauge; her research laid the foundation for the field of plasma physics; holds 8 patents

1st scientist to conclude certain gases warmed when exposed to sunlight & rising carbon dioxide levels would change the atmosphere temperature & could effect climate; holds 6 patents

Jackson is an expert on "electromagnetic phenomena" with a research and development career that spans the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum from materials studies using hard x-ray wavelengths, to nonlinear optics and spectroscopy in the near-infrared, to the fielding of radio frequency instrumentation on deep space missions such as Cassini and Mars Observer. She holds 2 patents

Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (2014-2017); head of US NUclear Regulatory Commission (NRC 1995); interests lie in the study of electronic optical magnetic & transport properties of novel semiconductor systems; research on the interaction of electrons on liquid helium films with surface excitations as a polaron problem; also studied medium to large subatomic particles (specifically hadrons) Landau theories of charge density waves in 1- and2-dimensions Tang-Mills guage theories & neutrino reactions; reswearch led to technology for portable fax touch tone phone solar cells fiber optic cables caller ID & call waiting

PecceiûQuinn Symmetry theory with Roberto Peccei-theory implies a corresponding symmetry of nature (related to matter-antimatter symmetry & the possible source of the dark matter that pervades the universe); Hierarchy of interactions in unified gauge theories; contributed to the search for a unified theory for the 3 types of particle interactions (strong electromagnetic & weak) suggesting they could be the result of one action; with Enrico Poggio & Steven Weinberg formulated the quark-hadron duality which showed how physics of quarks can be used to predict certain aspects of the physics of hadrons regardless of the details of the hadron's structure; worked on Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) & it has been adopted by 30 states & the District of Columbia as standard for K-12 science education

During World War II, she developed a solar distillation device, deployed at the end of the war, which saved the lives of downed airmen and torpedoed sailors.[1][2][3] Her goal was to create a version for villagers in poor and arid regions.[4] Telkes, often called by colleagues The Sun Queen,[5][6] is considered one of the founders of solar thermal storage systems. After the war, she became an associate research professor at MIT. In the 1940s she and architect Eleanor Raymond created one of the first solar-heated houses, Dover Sun House, by storing energy each day.[4][7] In 1953 they created a solar oven for people at various latitudes that could be used by children.[7]

studied the role of gender in the culture of science; work focused on the interrelations of environment, technology, and economics, and on weighing the environmental risks and costs of technological growth against the benefits to society; as Associate Director of Continuum Movement Arts taught Continuum; created PHYSIKOS (ran it 2006-2013), a studio dedicated to contemplative and somatic movement art; co-author of "A Moving Inquiry: The Art of Personal Practice" with Beth Pettengill Riley in 2019, a guide to establishing a personal movement practice that can serve as the foundation of daily life, with the body itself as teacher;

made foundational contributions to many emerging areas of science, including the electrical properties of semiconductors, light propagation in optical fibers, and charge motion in quasi-one-dimensional materials; with victor Weisskopf developed the Conwell–Weisskopf formula, which helped underpin the development of the transistor and other semiconductor devices; with William Shockley helped to develop the theory of hot electron transport in germanium; her monograph on high-field transport was influential in the development of semiconductor electronics; made important early contributions on wave propagation in optical fibers; played a crucial role in the emerging field of organic electronic materials and published seminal papers on the theory of the mobility and optical properties of polaronic charge carriers in conjugated polymers and organic semiconductors; Her research was an important part of a substantial effort at Xerox to develop flexible-belt photoreceptors, which became the basis for a highly successful series of products in the 1980s and 1990s;

led the design, construction & operation of Tevatron at the Fermi National Accelerator Lab & for 25 years it was the most powerful particle collider in the world; 1985 it recorded its 1st proton-antiproton collisions; 1995 it was used to find the top quark; 2000 it was used to find the tau neutrino; 1989 to 1992 was involved in the Superconducting Super Collider in Texas which was subsequently abandoned; after 1992 made significant contributions to the development of high-gradient, superconducting linear accelerators as well as bright and intense electron sources; played a key role in working with scientists at DESY to develop superconducting accelerator technology; led a Fermilab group collaborating with DESY in the 1990s and built the photoinjector for the TESLA Test Facility at the German laboratory; she & her team developed the Rutherford wire, a configuration of 23 strands of wire that had the perfect mechanical form for use in a magnet

proposed the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus (won Nobel for it); co-authored important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals with Max Born; in 1931 theorized the two-photon absorption theory that could not be proven until the invention of the laser now the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit;1935 published an important paper on double beta decay; programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method; derived the Bigeleisen-Mayer equation with Jacob Bigeleisen

* Erukhimova uses Tik Tok as a platform to teach physics experiments & make them fun * Uses a range of everyday objects in her experiments, from ping-pong balls and toilet paper to marshmallows, bicycle wheels and hair dryers * On faculty at Texas A & M as Chair for Physics Outreach * Awarded for developing and disseminating innovative physics education programs for college students and the public *Her experiments have radically increased the following of Texas A & M Physics & Astronomy's social media accounts * Her favorite audience to teach is 2nd graders.

Carwell has been recognized for her work with the Department of Energy, where she has received numerous awards. She has also received awards for her work in community leadership.

Caroline Herzenberg and Ruth Howes are authors of Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project (Temple University Press, 1999)[6] and of After the War: Women in Physics in the United States (Morgan Claypool Press, 2015) With Anthony Fainberg, she edited The Energy Sourcebook (American Institute of Physics, 1991).[7] With Michael R. Stevenson, she edited Women and the Use of Military Force (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993).[8]

Frazier currently works in the upkeep and organization of weapons-related science activities without needing to conduct explosive nuclear testing. Since the United States has also not tested nuclear weapons since 1992,[3] this leaves the task of its stockpile maintenance resting on the use of simulations (using non-nuclear explosives tests and supercomputers, among other methods) and applications of scientific knowledge about physics and chemistry to the specific problems of weapons aging (the latter method is what is meant when various agencies refer to their work as "science-based"). It also involves the manufacture of additional plutonium "pits" to replace ones of unknown quality, and finding other methods to increase the lifespan of existing warheads and maintain a credible nuclear deterrent.

Nelms studied the persistence of nuclear radioactivity in her work at the National Bureau of Stanndards. Her works have been cited numerous times in reports of nuclear fallout & human health.

In 1938, Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, discovered nuclear fission.

In 1942, Wheeler recruited Way to work on the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago. Working with physicist Alvin Weinberg, Way analyzed neutron flux data from Enrico Fermi's early nuclear reactor designs to see whether it would be possible to create a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. These calculations were put to use in the construction of Chicago Pile-1. Afterwards, she examined the problem of nuclear poisoning of reactors by certain fission products. With physicist Eugene Wigner she developed the Way-Wigner approximation for fission product decay.[5][10]

At age 23, Woods was a member of the team which built and experimented with the world's first nuclear reactor (then called a pile), Chicago Pile-1, in a project led by her mentor Enrico Fermi. Woods was instrumental in the construction and then utilization of geiger counters for analysis during experimentation. She was the only woman present when the reactor went critical. She worked with Fermi on the Manhattan Project, and she subsequently helped evaluate the cross section of xenon, which had poisoned the first Hanford production reactor when it began operation. Woods had plenty of work to do with the detectors and thermocouples, and used a small stack of graphite of her own to measure the effects of a radium-beryllium source on manganese foil to obtain a measure of the neutron cross section in order to calibrate the detectors Her skills in glassblowing were useful in constructing the neutron detectors. She was the only woman present when the reactor went critical, asking Fermi "When do we become scared?".

* Ancker-Johnson invented improved signal generator * Known for her research into instabilities that can occur in plasmas in solids * Invented a gigacycle range signal generator using semiconductor materials in magnetic and electric fields * Described plasma as a fourth state of matter after liquids, solids, and gases.

1985 patented a method for preparing PBO & PBT polymers; researched aramides (aromatic polyamides-a polymer that can be made into strong stiff & flame-resistant fabric; wrote the Nylon Rope Trick-demonstrating how to produce nylon fiber in a beaker at room temperature an experiment that continues to be used in H.S. chemistry classes; discovered a new branch of synthetics liquid crystalline polymers & prepared the first pure monomers used to synthesize polybenzamide; invented Kevlar; holds 29 patents

* Ashby does research in polymer chemistries critical for biomedical applications * designed & synthesizes materials for biomedical applications such as x-ray contrast agents & drug delivery materials.