Innovations

* During Grigsby's two years in Africa, she oversaw the smallpox inoculation of millions of individuals. * Grigsby was able to do this through the Smallpox Eradication Program from Howard University College of Medicine.

In 1944 Sabin came out of retirement to head a committee on public health measures for Colorado. The numbers showed that Colorado's morbidity and mortality rates to be unacceptably high, and its public health infrastructure to be antiquated and unacceptably poor. The Sabin Committee drafted public health bills to remedy the situation, and Sabin herself traveled around the state drumming up public support for new health legislation. She also effectively lobbied state legislators for their support. In 1947 the state legislature passed four of the six "Sabin Bills":

* Krim established AIDS Medical Foundation in 1983. * Dedicated herself to increasing the public's awareness of AIDS, with a better understanding of its cause, modes of transmission, and epidemiologic pattern.

* Barton founded the American Red Cross after seeing the same organization in Switzerland. * She became the representative for the American branch of the Red Cross. * She had been a hospital nurse in the American Civil War. Since nursing education was not very formalized, and she did not attend nursing school, she provided self-taught nursing care. * Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian work and civil rights advocacy at a time before women had the right to vote.

* Alexander founded the Aspiranto Health Home Hospital in her renovated Philadelphia home in 1930. * In her clinical practice she discovered disturbing divergences where Black infant mortality rates were more than twice of White infants, and the rate of deaths from TB was six times more for Blacks than for whites. * She observed that Black Americans often received sub-standard or no care at all in seeking medical help. * The field of public health gained popularity in the years leading up to World War II, and Alexander was one of the first people to acquire a master's degree in public health in 1937.

* Bath published the first scientific paper showing the higher prevalence of blindness among Blacks. * She also found that African American people had eight times higher prevalence of glaucoma as a cause of blindness. * Based on her research, Bath pioneered the discipline of community ophthalmology in 1976 after observations of epidemic rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in third-world countries. * Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs of public health, community medicine and ophthalmology to bring necessary eye care to under-served populations.

* In her role as investigator for the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) Edwards reviews data that focus on population-based surveillance and data collection on the use and impact of vaccines and the impact of vaccine policies. * Since 2006, NVSN sites have conducted active, population-based surveillance for hospitalizations and outpatient visits associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and acute respiratory illness (ARI). * NVSN sites conduct studies relevant to vaccines and vaccine recommendations. Study topics include rotavirus and influenza vaccine effectiveness, the cost-benefit of vaccine programs, coverage of new childhood vaccines, and feasibility studies of new vaccine implementation recommendations.

* Breckinridge was the driving force behind rural health care & development of nurse midwives in rural America. * In 1925 she founded ‘Kentucky committee for Mothers & Babies’, which later became Frontier Nursing Service (FNS). This service drastically reduced infant & maternal mortality in Appalachia at a comparatively low cost. * In 1939 she established her own training school for midwives (Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery). * Breckinridge is credited with building the 1st modern comprehensive health care system in the US that focused on all aspects of a patient's wellbeing, as well as establishing professionalization programs for nursing care & midwifery.

first woman elected to the board of the Associated Press; 1972 became the first female CEO of a Fortune 500 company, the Washington Post; held the title of publisher from 1969 to 1979, and that of chairwoman of the board from 1973 to 1991; supported reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein when they brought the Watergate story to the Post; was publisher when the Post defied the United States government to publish the classified Pentagon Papers; emphasizing freedom of the press, she strengthened the role of newspapers in exposing government actions;

* Pasterski discovered "spin memory effect", used to detect or verify the net effects of gravitational waves * 2015 completed with colleagues the Pasterski-Strominger-Zhiboedov Triangle for electromagnetic memory * Studies Black Holes, space time, & gravity through the context of quantum mechanics * 2021 founded Celestial Holography Initiative at Perimeter Institute.

Pioneering research on radioactivity

* Finkel lent her name to the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins or FBJ virus after she was able to isolate the murine osteogenic sarcoma virus * Her research led to discoveries in viral-induced tumors and resulted in the molecular biological tool, the FOS gene * Contributor to the understanding of the biological effects of radiation * Helped form the foundation for many of the health standards (i.e. permissible levels of internal radionuclide exposure) in use today.

The Gibbon track was composed of four main parts: the rail, the chair, the tie-bar, and the wedge. The rail consisted of a head section and a flange section. The web of both sections, located directly under the center of the bearing surface, was mortised every two and one half feet of the rail to receive the wedge locks. Combined, the two sections created a complete rail; where head sections joined they were supported by solid flange section and where flange sections joined they were supported by solid head section. Through this series of underlapping and overlapping rails, a jointless track that evenly distributed load was formed.

Mary Isabelle Riggin of Newark, New Jersey filed a patent for the first Railway Crossing Gate in 1890. This invention warned pedestrians and drivers of an approaching train and was the precursor to today's automated gates.

Wilcox originally designed a heating system for cold rail cars in Chicago. The invention made use of the engine's residual heat and was designed without a temperature control system. This resulted in overheating as the engine continued to run. Although her invention was originally made for rail cars, its application for automobiles was successful. It wasn't until Ford implemented Wilcox's idea in 1929 that car cabins reached a noticeable warm temperature. Wilcox's car heating technology was the forerunner of modern in-vehicle climate control systems across all transportation modes.

known for her work on the pre- and post-Colonial ecology of the Chesapeake Bay & helped scientists and geographers better understand how the clearing of forests surrounding the bay in the 18th century impacted the ecosystem; did a 3-year study to map the vegetation of Maryland and compare the species distributions to geology/soils distributions that was was published in Ecological Monographs; pieced together evidence of the relationships between failing fisheries, river sediment, the sudden disappearance of underwater grasses, and a bay with a serious chemical imbalance; with her colleagues developed an apparatus to determine the fall velocity of ragweed, oak, willow, hickory, and chestnut pollen grains: with Sherri Cooper used diatoms to prove that agriculture increases anoxia (a severe loss of oxygen);

1879 founded The Church of Christ, Scientist, the Mother Church of the Christian Science movement; founded The Christian Science Monitor in 1908, and three religious magazines: the Christian Science Sentinel, The Christian Science Journal, and The Herald of Christian Science; 1875 wrote "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures;" authored "Manual of The Mother Church" and a collection of varied writings that were consolidated posthumously into a book called "Prose Works;" 1881 started the Massachusetts Metaphysical College with a charter from the state which allowed her to grant degrees; charged her students at the Massachusetts Metaphysical College $300 each for tuition-a very large sum for the time; founded The Christian Science Publishing Society in 1898, which became the publishing home for numerous publications launched by her and her followers; 1908, at the age of 87, she founded The Christian Science Monitor, a daily newspaper; founded the Christian Science Journal in 1883; 1898 founded the Christian Science Sentinel and the Herald of Christian Science; 1895 she published a church manual, establishing guidelines that are followed to this day;

Carbohydrate metabolism cori cycle Identification of glucose 1-phosphate (Cori ester)

investigates natural and man-made impacts to the environment and human health, communicates those impacts to the public and stakeholders, and develops design strategies and methodologies to alleviate those impacts; spent almost a decade designing water systems around the world focused on water quality through storm chasing and sustainable design and habitat restoration; was the design engineer on two nationally winning EPA design teams, was a National Science Foundation SPICE fellow, and was selected as a US Presidential Management Fellow; her research projects are diverse from developing citizen science programs, water treatment technology, artificial marine habitats, aquaponics for space travel with NASA, and redeveloped a website (visitbeaches.org), along with developing three apps for publicly available environmental data reporting with over 1.7 million users; has researched the use of aquaponics for space missions for NASA; is an expert on Florida's red tide blooms: worked with NOAA & NASA to develop HABScope a cell phone microscope where citizens can take a sample of water, put it under the microscope & upload a 30-second video into an app that has an algorithm that automatically calculates the concentration of red tide by shape, size & movement; worked with Virginia Tech to develop a beach conditions reporting system available at visitbeaches.org;

founded the STEAM Connection in 2019 when she was just eighteen; creates equitable and innovative learning solutions for Indigenous youths with robots that she designs, manufactures, and gives away for free; her flagship invention is Every Kid Gets a Robot (EKGAR), an innovative educational robotics kit that costs less than $20 dollars to make and is sent to youth for free, increasing their technical competency and understanding with a culturally competent curriculum; her invention the SkoBot is a personalized, wearable, and interactive Indigenous language revitalization robot that senses motion and speaks; in partnership with her friend Kevin Villanueva, an augmented reality designer with Chicano and youth-led group Lucid Skies LLC, she developed a virtual version of the SkoBot in the form of an Instagram filter that people can interact with on their phones; started a volunteer elementary school STEAM program called Benzene Buddies; summer of 2020 with Dr. Joshuaa Allison-Burbank created the fundraiser Books for Diné Bikéyah to bring Diné books to Diné youth living in Navajo Nation during the pandemic; has written & illustrated a series of five children's books to increase diverse STEM representation for young children that is distributed for free by The STEAM Connection; 2020 invented Twenty an affordable, simple, and creative open-source robotics kit that was created to increase students technical learning at home; started a weekly newsletter and wrote at-home coding lesson plans for parents to allow them to be a part of the learning process;

1990 co-founder of iRobot with Rodney Brooks and Colin Angle; co-developer of Roomba; 2008 founded & CEO of CyPhy Work, Inc., (now known as Aria Insights) a start-up company specializing in small multi-rotor drones for the consumer, commercial and military markets, and of Tertill Corporation; while president of iRobot (1990-2004) also released the PackBot and SUGV military robots; has worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; as of 2018, she works as an advisor to the United States Army, within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology, (OASA(ALT)) & was sworn in on June 4, 2018 as a Highly Qualified Expert (HQE) for Robotics, Autonomous Systems & AI for the Army (ASA(ALT)); 2020 appointed as CEO and Chairman of robotic gardening startup, Tertill; was appointed as the Presidential Ambassador for Global Entrepreneurship by President Obama; Founding president of the Robotics Technology Consortium, now called National Ground Vehicle Consortium 2008-2012; her team at iRobot built a robot that would explore two of the shafts, or tunnels, in the Great Pyramid of Giza & gave the world its first look into the Queen's Chamber; partnered with Hasbro to release its first product: an interactive robotic doll named ‘My Real Baby’ & was equipped with sensors so it could react to stimulation but the $99.99 price tag was steep & only about 100,000 were sold; teamed with Clorox to make the cleaning fluid for the Scooba, a floor washing robot;

developed Auto Oscar a robot that sweeps up recyclables in schools & interacts with users and shares environmental facts; with Danielle Boyer hosts a weekly podcast for youth called Hands-On Techie Talks; is working on making STEM accessible to hospitalized children;

Chisum’s research led to optical advancements for pilots such as protective eyewear. Specifically, her work was focused on the creation of protective goggles that would help pilots withstand the extreme conditions sustained during flight including loss of vision during sharp turns and sudden flashes of bright light, such as those that could occur during lightning flashes or nuclear explosions.

Sabine Hossenfelder is a theoretical physicist and a popular science writer who is known for her work on the foundations of quantum mechanics and the physics of black holes. Her work is highly respected among physicists and science enthusiasts alike. Sabine Hossenfelder maintains an active blog where she discusses her latest research, as well as other topics in the field of theoretical physics. Her blog is a great resource for anyone who wants to keep up with the latest developments in the field, and it provides a great way to engage with other science enthusiasts.

her top areas of expertise are Cholestasis and Bile Duct Obstruction;

* Hammond was a prominent figure in the founding of the feminist art movement in 1970s New York * Co-founded A.I.R., the first women’s cooperative art gallery in New York in 1972 * Organized one of the first exhibitions by lesbian artists titled “The Lesbian Show” in 1978 * In her art, Hammond asserts that traditionally feminine qualities are worthwhile artistic subjects and means for artistic creation.

Invented a Permanent Wave Machine (1928) & a Scalp Protector; 1924 helped write the first cosmetology laws in Illinois; founder of United Beauty School Owners & Teachers Association (1946) with Mary Bethune McLeod; helped found the National Council of Negro Women (1935); co-founded Alpha Chi Pi Omega Sorority & Fraternity to help raise standards for beauticians; named to a consulting leadership position regarding issues concerning African-Americans in the Democratic National Committee by Eleanor Roosevelt; holds 2 patents

known for her work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI); worked with Stuart Bowyer on the radio-search project SERENDIP and created the corresponding backronym, "Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations"; was project scientist for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) in 1992 and 1993 and subsequently director of Project Phoenix (HRMS reconfigured; a decade-long SETI scrutiny of about 750 nearby star systems, using telescopes in Australia, West Virginia and Puerto Rico) under the auspices of the SETI Institute; was co-creator with Margaret Turnbull of the HabCat in 2002, a principal component of Project Phoenix; co-found the SETI Institute & led the design, construction and science at the SETI Institute’s Allen Telescope Array (ATA); has been actively involved in developing curriculum for children specifically the Life in the Universe series, created 6 science teaching guides for grades 3-9 & Voyages Through Time an integrated high school science curriculum on the fundamental theme of evolution in six modules: Cosmic Evolution, Planetary Evolution, Origin of Life, Evolution of Life, Hominid Evolution and Evolution of Technology;

held 18 patents

Invented sanitary belt toilet tissue holder back washer & carrier attachment for walker; holds the record for most patents issued to an African-american female (5)

improved schools and libraries, started a juvenile court system, promoted education and rights for women, and challenged the racism of the Old South by pushing for social change; 1905 co-founded the Southern Association for College Women (later become the Arkansas Association for University Women a division of the American Association of University Women) which provided a forum for college educated women to discuss issues that were important to them; was an advocate of hiring professional school administrators and formed the first school improvement association in Arkansas; led efforts to provide transportation for rural students; 1911 was appointed by the local Women's Christian Temperance Union to investigate juvenile courts that had been established by legislation the group had championed; 1958 with Vivion Brewer and Velma Powell, founded the Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools; formed the first School Improvement Association in Arkansas, forerunner of the Parent Teacher Association; organized the first juvenile court in Arkansas in 1910; chaired the Pulaski County Juvenile Court board for about twenty years; helped start the Girls Industrial School near Alexander (Pulaski and Saline Counties) for girls detained by the court, as well as a temporary home for young people who had no adult supervision; was instrumental in starting the Pulaski County Tuberculosis Association and the Community Chest, the forerunner of the United Way; worked to make Little Rock's auditorium accessible to older people and the handicapped;

developed Just Us app in 2017; is Director of Family Wellness at Jenesse Center Inc in California a Domestic Violence (DV) agency that also runs 3 DV shelters

co-founded National Conference of Christians & Jews; studied factors inhibiting children's education; founded Chicago Chapter of NAACP Legal Defense & Education fund with husband Percy Lavon Julian

Activist for African indepence from colonization & end of racism; wrote 3 books-an autobiography of husband Paul Robeson a book about her experiences in Africa and one co-written with Pearl S. Buck; 1941 co-founder of Council on African Affairs;

Mankiller was the inspiration for the documentary film “The Cherokee Word for Water”, The docudrama, directed by Wilma’s husband and longtime community development partner, Charlie Soap, follows a young Mankiller as she works to bring water to the rural, primarily Cherokee community of Bell, Ok."[2] "...Together with a community of volunteers they build nearly 20 miles of waterline to save the community. The successful completion of the waterline led to Mankiller's election as principal chief, her and Soap's marriage and sparked a movement of similar self-help projects across the CN and in Indian Country that continues today.

he United Order of Tents works to care for the sick and the elderly, to help those in need and to bury the dead.[6][3] Historically, the group also helped provide loans to members when banks refused to give them loans.[6] The Tents also helped provide shelter, food and healthcare to people in their communities.[7] The organization has rituals and customs that it keeps secret and only imparts to members of the Tents.[8] Some women, in honor of their above-average service through the organization, are named Queens.[6] All women also call each other Sister.[6]

A woman led a revolt in what’s now Queens [in New York City]. It was in the city of Newtown, which is [now] Elmhurst. She led a revolt and she was captured. She was burned at the stake and the men who were involved in the revolt were hanged. And I would love to tell you her name, but it’s not preserved. She was referred to as the “Negro Fiend,” so that’s what I call her. seehttps://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/women-led-slave-revolts

In January 2005, at an NBER meeting in Cambridge, MA on the topic of how to address the under-representation of women and minorities in science and engineering fields, Hopkins caused controversy by walking out in protest during a talk by then President of Harvard Lawrence Summers when he speculated that one reason for the very small number of high-achieving women in science and engineering fields might be “intrinsic aptitude” (specifically that the bell-curve of aptitude is flatter for men than women).[17] Her action became public when she replied to an e-mail from Boston Globe reporter Marcella Bombardieri inquiring about Summers’ speech.[18] Bombardieri's report of Summers’ speech set off a national discussion of gender discrimination, and academic freedom, and contributed to Summers’ resignation as the President of Harvard.[18]

In 1985 Mankiller became Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, serving until 1995. During her administration, the Cherokee government built new health clinics, created a mobile eye-care clinic, established ambulance services, and created early education, adult education and job training programs. She developed revenue streams, including factories, retail stores, restaurants and bingo operations, while establishing self-governance, allowing the tribe to manage its own finances.

1930s with Peter Maurin founded Catholic Workers Movement; pratitioner of civil disobedience; 1933 with Maurin founded the Catholic Worker newspaper & was editor from 1933-1980; advocate of the Catholic theory of distributism;established houses of hospitality & a series of farms for communal living; 1956 with David Dellinger & AJ Muste helped found Liberation magazine; wrote 4 autobiographies; is under consideration for sainthood in the Catholic Church