Innovations

led the team that created the BLU-118/B, a laser-guided bomb designed to travel deep into confined spaces (AKA the Bunker Buster Bomb)( BLU stands for Bomb Live Unit); responsible for the creation of an American thermobaric weapon by leading a team of 100 scientists who developed & created 11 bombs within 67 days after 9/11;

* Mitra developed use of nanomaterial-based dental fillers * Fundamentally addressed key limitations in previous dental restoration materials: lack of durability, aesthetics, and universal applicability. * Introduction of nanotechnology into dental composites overcomes the dichotomy between strength and polishability. * By utilizing nanosized silica and zirconia particles, she has created a hybrid structure that provides both superior mechanical properties and a lifelike appearance.

Created foundation shades for women of color

1st African American female in US to earn a PhD in Chemistry & 1st African American granted a PhD from Columbia University

cofounder & CTO of Folia Materials dedicated to provide clean drinking water; her research focuses on low resource water filtration systems adaptable to disparate environments; invented antimicrobial filter paper while at McGill University; cofounder & President of pAge Drinking Paper 2014-16; 2021 cofounder & CTO Folia Water Global

Method of rational drug design for the development of new drugs; holds 96 patents

Molecular Sieve of Aeolites; Synthetic Emerald; Zeolite Y; holds 116 patents

latex-based adhesive using a carboxylic acid copolymerizing agent and latex polymers with phosphates used as coatings: holds 3 patents

while working at FDA & using spectrophotometry & chromatography proved Krebiozen a reported expensive cancer cure was fake & contained creatine or creatinine which was already found in the body & had no cancer-curing properties;modernized the FDA's investigatory techniques

Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivity with Fr d ric Joliot-Curie; researched artificial radioactivity transmutation of elements & nuclear physics; took part in the creation & construction of the 1st French atomic pile (1948); 1933 she & Frederick were the 1st to calculate the accurate mass of the neutron; she & Frederick refused to patent any of their discoveries but hid their nuclear discoveries from the Nazis

successfully isolated the PLA-2 enzyme from human placenta contributing to ongoing research goals of isolating & treating the underlying causes of PLA-2 diseases such as asthma arthritis & pre-term Labor

Worked on the mass production of penicillin after WWII; performed analysis on sugar & other products of fermentation; studied the effects of strontium 90 & how to stabilize it with flame photometry at AEC

studied properties of irradiated materials in the Crystal Physics division of Sandia Labs & optical properties of transition metals & their combination with other elements testing their electrical & magnetical properties which helped prove the Crystal Field Theory

invented numerous improvements to biosensors making them more effective reducing their size & increasing automation making it easier to detect toxins & pathogens in food water & when airborne; holds 49 patents

"Taught pharmaceutical chemistry; wrote ""Advice to Colored Women"" 1896 & ""A Complet Course in Hair Straightening & Beauty Culture"" 1919 a text book containing home recipes for chemicals treatments"

Founder (2009) and Chief Technical Officer of Prieto Battery; works on synthesizing earth-abundant & low toxic semiconductor nanocrystals for 3rd-generation solar cells; holds 14 patents

rewrote chemistry textbooks for teaching

co-invented Scotch Guard together with Samuel Smith

studied the conductivity & electrical resistance of different chemicals in water solutions signal transduction in rat liver the effects of drugs on human livers;

Hornig was the founding director of HERS (Higher Education Resource Services) under the auspices of the Committee for the Concerns of Women in New England Colleges and Universities first organized by Sheila Tobias.[3] She served on equal opportunity committees for the National Science Foundation, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She was the research chair of the Committee for the Equality of Women at Harvard, and consulted with and participated in many studies of women's science education and careers.[3]

a hormone generated by the gut that triggers the release of insulin. The amino acid sequence of GLP-1 was similar to a gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin. To try to identify whether a specific fragment of GLP-q was an incretin, Mojsov created an incretin-antibody and developed ways to track its presence. Specifically, Mojsov identified that a stretch of 31 amino acids in the GLP-1 was an incretin.[2][3] Together with Daniel J. Drucker and Habener, Mojsov showed that small quantities of lab-synthesized GLP-1 could trigger insulin.

1993 created synthetic diamonds in an oven

pioneered an experimental technique called Mössbauer spectroscopy, which uses gamma rays to figure out the molecular structure of complicated compounds containing metal ions; contributed to the understanding of catalysts such as ruthenium which activate or speed up chemical reactions; worked on processes of solvent extraction of metal complexes and described the chemical and physical properties of chemical species in an organic solvent; was able to explain why solutions of radioactive iodine were unstable, and determine the concentration at which species would be at equilibrium values, by applying the Nernst equation effect; did work in materials science on the physical and biological investigations of marine antifouling coatings, used to remove barnacles from ships; work included supervising a complete revision of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry or "Red Book;" was the founding Chairman of ASTRA, the Alliance for Science & Technology Research in America, beginning in 2000; authored more than 100 research papers in solvent separations and characterization of metallic species, solid-state chemistry and electron exchange, and testing methods for tin antifouling coatings; was the first to observe Mössbauer effects in ruthenium and its various oxidation states, contributing to the understanding of this important catalyst by deriving detailed chemical and structural information;

with husband Clifford Hach invented a new water analysis system & founded Hach Chemical company; leader in water purification; first successful product was a simplified titration method for measuring hardness in drinking water, which she & her husband packaged in easy-to-use testing kits; developed a direct mail marketing campaign; 1982 she & Clifford established the Hach Scientific Foundation to support chemistry in the classroom through grants to students and schools; 2009, the Hach Scientific Foundation transferred its assets to the American Chemical Society, which continues to administer the scholarship and grant programs; 2000 gave a $10 million gift to Northwood University & 2002 the Hach Student Life Center opened; established an endowment for the Kathryn C. Hach Award for Entrepreneurial Success through the American Chemical Society; some consider her to have invented/started direct mailing sales because she assembled lists of cities with large populations and sent out mailings that included information on Hach products with instructions on how to buy them;

Solomon, working with colleagues at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, postulated the mechanism that the Antarctic ozone hole was created by a heterogeneous reaction of ozone and chlorofluorocarbons free radicals on the surface of ice particles in the high altitude clouds that form over Antarctica. In 1986 and 1987 Solomon led the National Ozone Expedition to McMurdo Sound, where the team gathered the evidence to confirm the accelerated reactions. Solomon was the solo leader of the expedition, and the only woman on the team. Her team measured levels of chlorine oxide 100 times higher than expected in the atmosphere, which had been released by the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons by ultraviolet radiation.

At Los Alamos National Laboratory, Harris worked in the areas of hazardous waste treatment and environmental remediation as well as explosives chemistry. Her main areas of focus included explosives detection, safing liquids, synthesis and characterization of insensitive high explosives and sensitivity of weathered high explosives. In her research on the chemistry of explosives, she developed and patented a spot test for detecting 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) in the field. This is currently used by the Federal Department of Homeland Security to screen for nitroaromatic explosives.

She was part of ORNL's team that collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to discover tennessine (element 117 the 2nd heaviest element);researches the processing of radioactive transuranic industrial uses of nickel-63 & selenium-75; has contributed to the research in spectroscopic analysis & spectrophotometric valence state studies of plutonium-238 & neptunium-237 & 238 & studied electrodeposition with californium-252 for the Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade project; researches the purification of einsteinium-254; researches actinides & lanthanide separations for isotopes used in medicine

Franklin was an X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Using X-ray crystallography, Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA while at King's College London, particularly Photo 51, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins but it was not possible because the pre-1974 rule dictated that a Nobel prize could not be awarded posthumously.

* Johnson conducts “Chemistry for Kids” workshops to enhance the education on minority students. * Member of the American Chemical Society Project SEED committee, visiting schools to encourage minority students * Provides workshops and training for minority teachers in the Newark school district.

* Hopkins worked at American Cyanamid * later worked in research in the Polaroid Corp Emulsion Coating and Analysis Laboratory * Also pursued a career working as an attorney with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) following her time as a chemist.

Specializes in RNA-mediated mechanisms; developed in vitro-transcribed mRNA for protein therapies; with Drew Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTrch & Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines; co-discovered nucleoside modifications surpress the immunogenicity of RNA which has widened the therapuetic potential of mRNA in treating diseases; holds 16 patents

helped establish the Maryland Coastal Bays Program & member of the Assateague Coastal Trust; fought to protect wildlife & against air & water pollution; founded the Worcester Environmental Trust with her husband Joseph W. Fehrer; she and her husband worked on various other environmental projects, including starting the process of creating a water-monitoring program; prevented the building of a harmful dam on Nassawango Creek in the 1980s, and protected the surrounding forest which spanned 10,000 acres; actively fought against offshore waste incarceration and worked to provide her community with clean water; founded The Maryland Coastal Bays Program; co-founder, with her husband, of the Worcester Environmental Trust; with her husband, Joe, canoed the Pocomoke, inventorying the river's environmental and wildlife assets; in the 1980s spearheaded the effort to establish a water quality-monitoring program, prevented the damming of Nassawango Creek and convinced the Nature Conservancy to preserve the creek and upland forest that has grown to 10,000 acres and founded the Nassawango Creek Stewardship Committee that oversees the protection of this area;

1999 at age 11 invented the Crayon Holder to enable children to continue drawing with broken or stubs of crayons; with father, Norman Goldstein, founded By Kids For Kids Co (BKFK) which is dedicated to making the invention & commercialization process easy & accessible to all kids;

Wrote "Dibs in Search of Self" 1964 a book considered to be one of the most influential in play therapy; developed Child-Centered Play Therapy & identified 8 principles of it; her theory was derived from Carl Rogers' person-centered approach;

first out black lesbian to ever direct a feature film with her 1996 film The Watermelon Woman, an exploration of the history of black women and lesbians in film; runs the production company Jingletown Films based in Oakland, California; work often concerns themes of race, sexuality, and gender, particularly issues relating to black lesbians; developed "Dunyementaries," a self-coined blend of narrative and documentary techniques that she describes as "a mix of film, video, friends, and a lot of heart." (Wikipedia)

while always in the background shunning publicity for herself she fought for social justice & racial equality; promoted the 1st nonviolent grassroots organizations in the civil rights movement; helped found Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee & Southern Christian Leadership Conference; with George Schuyler founded Young Negroes Cooperative League in 1930; cofounder of In Friendship an organization that directed economic aid to the South's civil rights struggle; founded the Negro History Club at Harlem Library; 1964 helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

1969 founded Freedom Farm Cooperative in the Mississippi Delta to empower poor black farmers & sharecroppers to be able to grow their own food; farm grew to over 640 acres; organized Mississippi's Freedom Summer along with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); a co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, an organization created to recruit, train, and support women of all races who sought election to government offices; 1964 co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP); published her autobiography in 1967; partnered with the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) to establish an interracial and interregional support program called The Pig Project to provide protein for people who previously could not afford meat; 1971 co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus; she single-handedly ensured 200 units of low-income housing were built—many still exist in Ruleville, Mississippi today; 1963 released an album "Songs My Mother Taught Me"; 1967 published To Praise Our Bridges: An Autobiography;

1924 President of NCNW; co-founder with William Trent & Frederick D. Patterson of the United Negro Fund in 1944; one of the earliest Black female activists who helped lay the foundation to the modern civil rights movement; 1904 founded Daytona Beach Literary & Industrial Institute for Negro Girls; school merged with Cookman Institute in 1926 & became Bethune-Cookman College (now University) in 1929; co-owner of a Daytona Beach resort that allowed Blacks to access the beach; co-founder Central Life Insurance Company of Tampa; 1911 founded the 1st Black hospital & nursing program in Daytona; organized the 1st officer candidate schools for Black women; founded the Delinquent Home for Colored Girls in Ocala Forida; was Director of Afro-American Life Insurance Company

seeks to understand global climate change & identify the natural & anthropogenic causes; she & her team collected ancient coral fragments from the islands of Kiribati & Palmyra in the Pacific, aged them with uranium-thorium dating & used the oxygen isotope ratio cycle to measure the intensity of El Nino & La Nina events over the last 7,000 years; is looking for real-world solutions to the climate crisis

On its website, Eldera bills itself as a “virtual village with a human soul.” The company got its start in March 2020, at a time when many people of all ages were stuck at home and craving connection. But Griffin says the platform’s impact hasn’t waned even as much of society has returned to in-person gatherings. And she says its AI algorithm, which helps match people using about 200 different variables based on their answers to a detailed questionnaire, has gotten even better over time. In addition to conducting criminal background checks of prospective mentors, the company also uses AI to monitor Zoom conversations between mentors and mentees, which are recorded, to make sure interactions are safe and respectful.