Innovations

1st African American female in US to earn a PhD in Chemistry & 1st African American granted a PhD from Columbia University

cofounder & CTO of Folia Materials dedicated to provide clean drinking water; her research focuses on low resource water filtration systems adaptable to disparate environments; invented antimicrobial filter paper while at McGill University; cofounder & President of pAge Drinking Paper 2014-16; 2021 cofounder & CTO Folia Water Global

Method of rational drug design for the development of new drugs; holds 96 patents

Molecular Sieve of Aeolites; Synthetic Emerald; Zeolite Y; holds 116 patents

latex-based adhesive using a carboxylic acid copolymerizing agent and latex polymers with phosphates used as coatings: holds 3 patents

while working at FDA & using spectrophotometry & chromatography proved Krebiozen a reported expensive cancer cure was fake & contained creatine or creatinine which was already found in the body & had no cancer-curing properties;modernized the FDA's investigatory techniques

Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivity with Fr d ric Joliot-Curie; researched artificial radioactivity transmutation of elements & nuclear physics; took part in the creation & construction of the 1st French atomic pile (1948); 1933 she & Frederick were the 1st to calculate the accurate mass of the neutron; she & Frederick refused to patent any of their discoveries but hid their nuclear discoveries from the Nazis

successfully isolated the PLA-2 enzyme from human placenta contributing to ongoing research goals of isolating & treating the underlying causes of PLA-2 diseases such as asthma arthritis & pre-term Labor

Worked on the mass production of penicillin after WWII; performed analysis on sugar & other products of fermentation; studied the effects of strontium 90 & how to stabilize it with flame photometry at AEC

studied properties of irradiated materials in the Crystal Physics division of Sandia Labs & optical properties of transition metals & their combination with other elements testing their electrical & magnetical properties which helped prove the Crystal Field Theory

invented numerous improvements to biosensors making them more effective reducing their size & increasing automation making it easier to detect toxins & pathogens in food water & when airborne; holds 49 patents

"Taught pharmaceutical chemistry; wrote ""Advice to Colored Women"" 1896 & ""A Complet Course in Hair Straightening & Beauty Culture"" 1919 a text book containing home recipes for chemicals treatments"

Founder (2009) and Chief Technical Officer of Prieto Battery; works on synthesizing earth-abundant & low toxic semiconductor nanocrystals for 3rd-generation solar cells; holds 14 patents

1993 created synthetic diamonds in an oven

pioneered an experimental technique called Mössbauer spectroscopy, which uses gamma rays to figure out the molecular structure of complicated compounds containing metal ions; contributed to the understanding of catalysts such as ruthenium which activate or speed up chemical reactions; worked on processes of solvent extraction of metal complexes and described the chemical and physical properties of chemical species in an organic solvent; was able to explain why solutions of radioactive iodine were unstable, and determine the concentration at which species would be at equilibrium values, by applying the Nernst equation effect; did work in materials science on the physical and biological investigations of marine antifouling coatings, used to remove barnacles from ships; work included supervising a complete revision of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry or "Red Book;" was the founding Chairman of ASTRA, the Alliance for Science & Technology Research in America, beginning in 2000; authored more than 100 research papers in solvent separations and characterization of metallic species, solid-state chemistry and electron exchange, and testing methods for tin antifouling coatings; was the first to observe Mössbauer effects in ruthenium and its various oxidation states, contributing to the understanding of this important catalyst by deriving detailed chemical and structural information;

with husband Clifford Hach invented a new water analysis system & founded Hach Chemical company; leader in water purification; first successful product was a simplified titration method for measuring hardness in drinking water, which she & her husband packaged in easy-to-use testing kits; developed a direct mail marketing campaign; 1982 she & Clifford established the Hach Scientific Foundation to support chemistry in the classroom through grants to students and schools; 2009, the Hach Scientific Foundation transferred its assets to the American Chemical Society, which continues to administer the scholarship and grant programs; 2000 gave a $10 million gift to Northwood University & 2002 the Hach Student Life Center opened; established an endowment for the Kathryn C. Hach Award for Entrepreneurial Success through the American Chemical Society; some consider her to have invented/started direct mailing sales because she assembled lists of cities with large populations and sent out mailings that included information on Hach products with instructions on how to buy them;

Solomon, working with colleagues at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, postulated the mechanism that the Antarctic ozone hole was created by a heterogeneous reaction of ozone and chlorofluorocarbons free radicals on the surface of ice particles in the high altitude clouds that form over Antarctica. In 1986 and 1987 Solomon led the National Ozone Expedition to McMurdo Sound, where the team gathered the evidence to confirm the accelerated reactions. Solomon was the solo leader of the expedition, and the only woman on the team. Her team measured levels of chlorine oxide 100 times higher than expected in the atmosphere, which had been released by the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons by ultraviolet radiation.

At Los Alamos National Laboratory, Harris worked in the areas of hazardous waste treatment and environmental remediation as well as explosives chemistry. Her main areas of focus included explosives detection, safing liquids, synthesis and characterization of insensitive high explosives and sensitivity of weathered high explosives. In her research on the chemistry of explosives, she developed and patented a spot test for detecting 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) in the field. This is currently used by the Federal Department of Homeland Security to screen for nitroaromatic explosives.

She was part of ORNL's team that collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to discover tennessine (element 117 the 2nd heaviest element);researches the processing of radioactive transuranic industrial uses of nickel-63 & selenium-75; has contributed to the research in spectroscopic analysis & spectrophotometric valence state studies of plutonium-238 & neptunium-237 & 238 & studied electrodeposition with californium-252 for the Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade project; researches the purification of einsteinium-254; researches actinides & lanthanide separations for isotopes used in medicine

Franklin was an X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Using X-ray crystallography, Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA while at King's College London, particularly Photo 51, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins but it was not possible because the pre-1974 rule dictated that a Nobel prize could not be awarded posthumously.

* Johnson conducts “Chemistry for Kids” workshops to enhance the education on minority students. * Member of the American Chemical Society Project SEED committee, visiting schools to encourage minority students * Provides workshops and training for minority teachers in the Newark school district.

* Hopkins worked at American Cyanamid * later worked in research in the Polaroid Corp Emulsion Coating and Analysis Laboratory * Also pursued a career working as an attorney with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) following her time as a chemist.

Specializes in RNA-mediated mechanisms; developed in vitro-transcribed mRNA for protein therapies; with Drew Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTrch & Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines; co-discovered nucleoside modifications surpress the immunogenicity of RNA which has widened the therapuetic potential of mRNA in treating diseases; holds 16 patents

seeks to understand global climate change & identify the natural & anthropogenic causes; she & her team collected ancient coral fragments from the islands of Kiribati & Palmyra in the Pacific, aged them with uranium-thorium dating & used the oxygen isotope ratio cycle to measure the intensity of El Nino & La Nina events over the last 7,000 years; is looking for real-world solutions to the climate crisis

developed personal assistant robots. Currently she is a professor of media arts and sciences at MIT and the director of the Personal Robots group at the Media Lab; holds 8 patents

Beginning at NASA, Easley analyzed alternative power technologies, supported the Centaur high-energy upper rocket stage, determined solar, wind and energy projects, and identified energy conversion systems and alternative systems to solve energy problems. During the 1970s Easley worked on a project examining damage to the ozone layer. With massive cuts in the NASA space program, Easley began working on energy problems; her energy assignments included studies to determine the life use of storage batteries, such as those used in electric utility vehicles. Her computer applications have been used to identify energy conversion systems that offer the improvement over commercially available technologies. Following the energy crisis of the late 1970s Easley studied the economic advantages of co-generating power plants that obtained byproducts from coal and steam.

Trained as a mathematician, Hoover used her knowledge of symbolic logic and feedback theory to program the control mechanisms of a call center to use data about incoming calls to impose order on the whole system. It used computer electronic methods to monitor the frequency of incoming calls at different times. Her method gave priority to processes that were concerned with the input and output of the switch over processes that were less important such as record keeping and billing. The computer, as a result, would adjust the call center's acceptance rate automatically, greatly reducing the overloading problem. The system became known as stored program control.

*a pioneer of computer programming *first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages; *believed data processors should be able to write their programs in English & the computer should then turn it into code this became the basis for COBOL; *invented one of the first linkers; her team worked on Flow-Matic (1st program language to use regular English words);

Considered to be the author of the 1st computer algorithm ( to compute Bernoulli numbers for Charles Babbagte's Analytical Engine); was the 1st person to believe computers could be used for more than calculations such as to represent music;

2018 CEO DataedX-a social impact business that provides educational resources & training in recognizing algorithmic harms & humanizing data for data educators scholars & practitioners; has worked on problems ranging from recommending more refined algorithms for music recommendations to designing cost-effective cybersecurity measures to harnessing the power of eye tracking to better design products for consumers; Principle Investigator of the Data Science eXtension (DSX) program funded by NSF grant

"Founded: Digital Sisters/Sistas Inc (2000) a company that connects women from poor economic situations with education & training in technology Mitchell Holder Group (1997) a web multimedia management firm TechMedia Swirl (2008) Stopping Online Violence Against Women Inc (2013) Human First Tech (2018); created TechnoDemic-a multimedia competition to help youth learn technology & programming terms; tried to bridge the ""invisible barrier"" that keeps women/girls of color & low-income from access to technology"

Network and security protocols;invented the algorithm behind the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP 1985) to provide redundancy between network points; invented Trill protocol to correct some of the shortcomings of spanning trees allowing Ethernet to use optimal use of bandwidth; started the new field of tangible user interface; was the primary designer of DECnet Iv & V & IS-IS made major contributions to Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP); has written 2 textbooks Interconnections & Network Security; 153 patents found

2015, founder & CEO of IncluDe Web Design & Development-a softeware development service & solutions for women & minority-owned organizations; 2021 created website for Boston s All Inc;usive tourism campaign

Sephus is cofounder and chief executive officer of Bean Path, a nonprofit startup company developing Jackson Tech District, a planned community and business incubator in Jackson, Mississippi. As a computer engineer, she specialized in machine learning and algorithmic bias identification. She was a technology evangelist at Amazon Web Services.

Xia was known for pioneering research in computer science & technology in China. She made numerous contributions to high-speed computers in China; 1978, helped found Chinese Journal of computers & 1986 Journal of computer Science & Technology; 1956, taught Chinas 1st course in computer theory & wrote "Principles of the electronic computer" the 1st systemic computer science textbook in China; developed methodologies that could more accurately predict variations in frequency & amplitude within electronic systems; 1981, developed a high-speed processor array called 150AP.

In the 1960s when Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions, software development was not taken seriously compared to other engineering, nor was it regarded as a science. Hamilton was concerned with legitimizing software development as an engineering discipline. Over time the term "software engineering" gained the same respect as any other technical discipline. The IEEE Software September/October 2018 issue celebrates the 50th anniversary of software engineering. Hamilton talks about "Errors" and how they influenced her work related to software engineering and how her language, USL, could be used to prevent the majority of "Errors" in a system.

Bilas and her Chestnut Hill College classmate Kathleen Antonelli were part of a smaller team within the ENIAC team. In addition to their larger programming duties, they were also assigned to the operation of an analog computing machine known as a Differential Analyzer, which was used to calculate ballistics equations

2016 founded Algorithmic Justice League which challenges bias in decision-making software using art; 2011 worked with trachoma program at Carter Center to develop Android-based assessment system for use in Ethiopia; 2013 worked with computer scientists in Zambia to help students become tech creators; her research discovered facial recognition systems found it difficult to identify dark-skinned women; created Aspire Mirror which lets users see a reflection of themselves based on what inspires them; has created 2 films on bias; is CTO for Techturized, Inc a haircare technology company; is working to uncover bias in voice systems; is on Global Technology Panel convened by the Vice President of the European Commission; founded Code 4 Rights in 2014; founded Jovial Designs in 2007; founded Zamrize 2013

co-founder of the non-profit Open mHealth; known for her work on sensor networks, participatory sensing, mobile health, and small data; research activities include technologies for caregiving, immersive health, small data, participatory sensing, and Public Interest Technology; Founding Director of the NSF Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) at UCLA; pioneering the development of mobile and wireless systems to collect and analyze real time data about the physical world;

with her husband, Arthur Breitman, developed Tezos to address issues that had become challenges in other blockchain ecosystems, particularly around scalability and governance; introduced a self-amending blockchain, reducing the need for hard forks by enabling in-protocol upgrades; co-founder of Coase, a software company that aspires to lower transaction costs;