Innovations

Evans became interested in the disease brucellosis and its relationship to fresh, unpasteurized milk. She discovered that the microbe thrived in infected cows as well as animals that appeared healthy. The reports hypothesized that since the bacteria was found in cow's milk, a threat to human health was likely. She wondered whether the disease in cows could be the cause of undulant fever in humans. She warned that raw milk should be pasteurized to protect people from various diseases. She reported her findings to the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1917 and published her work in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in 1918. She was met with skepticism, particularly because she was a woman and did not have a Ph.D. Eventually, Brucella was confirmed as the disease that caused what was then known as undulant fever and Malta fever. Evans's findings led to the pasteurization of milk in 1930. As a result, the incidence of brucellosis in the United States was significantly reduced.

Reed is the first known African-American woman to receive a US patent. Patent No. 305 474 for a ""Dough Kneader and Roller"" was granted September 23 1884." The patent was for an improved design of existing rollers with dough mixing more evenly while being kept covered and protected.

published the cookery book The British Housewife in 1756; in addition to recipes the book included information on gardening, preserving foods, distilling spirits, making wine, beer & cider, raising animals, cures for common ailments, & household hints;

* Boley is forest supervisor for the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana * Formed a partnership with the Forest Health Protection and the Forest Research branches of the Forest Service * Together they implemented the first regional biomass plant to produces energy from wood chips * As director of the U.S. Forest Service (FS) Southern Region’s Biological and Physical Resources, she oversees 10 program areas within the most biologically diverse Forest Service region in the country encompassing 13.3 million acres of National Forest lands across 13 southern states and Puerto Rico * Supervises partnerships with PARC and the Amphibian and Reptile Conservancy to implement on-the-ground amphibian and reptile conservation projects * Leader in the reduction of the carbon footprint.

Gerry's research in the area of southern pines and turpentining proved to be her most influential efforts. Working in Mississippi, Gerry performed pioneering work in microscopical studies of the anatomy of resin-yielding pines, and successfully developed methods to increase yield as well as prolong the working life of trees. She worked toward developing best methods stating, "The microscope reveals many secrets concerning the activities of the tree in producing turpentine and gives these results more quickly than experimental methods alone."[3] Based on her field-based research, Gerry was able to develop a program of "More turpentine, less scar, better pine" that many later attributed as a savior for the struggling industry.

Witt and her husband founded Cookies for Kids' Cancer following the death of their son Liam to pediatric cancer. The organization raises critically needed funding for childhood cancer research and has granted more than $17 million to the leading pediatric cancer research facilities.

invented electrotherapuetic devise & received a patent; 1873 published "A New Path in Electrical Therapeutics" which described how “electrical cranial diagnosis” could be used to cure a variety of diseases; founder of the Women's Praying band

created Landlord's Game (the precursor to Monopoly) patented 1904 & 1924; the game was an anti-land ownership game & illustrated the teachings of economist Henry George; invented a typewriting machine in 1893 that made it easier for paper to go through the roller & received a patent (not found); 2nd edition of Landlord's Game contained 2 parts-Monopoly & Prosperity; holds 2 patents

* Merchant's research focuses on molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer biology, in particular the pathways involved in chronic inflammation processes * Since 1993, she has worked on a project on the "Transcriptional Control of Gastrin," concerning the origin of gastrinomas * 2002 Merchant and collaborators found that antibiotics did a better job of treating gastritis in mice than blocking acid production with proton pump inhibitors * Holds a patent for a biomarker that can help diagnose Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Crohn's Disease * Contributed to understanding of gastric response to chronic inflammation.

she & husband Sheldon C. Reed founded the study of Drosophila population genetics; conducted studies on penicillin; with Sheldon also studied human genetics specializing in congenital diseases & disorders(concentration of mental/intellectual disorders); contributed to the establishment & standardization of processes to study species evolution; proponent of genetic counseling in family planning; wrote 6 of the 29 teaching plans developed by Minnesota Mathematics & Science Teaching project (Minnemast) funded bt NSF to improve math & science education in primary grades; published over 34 scholarly papers (often just using her initials to conceal her sex) 2 books & public school curriculums; work often overshadowed by her husbands work

* Slye’s work centered on heritability of cancer in mice * Introduced genetically uniform mice as a research tool, breeding them herself. She raised approximately 150,000 mice & kept their pedigrees. * Once went 26 years without a vacation because she didn't want to leave the care of her mice to anyone else.

* Somerville’s book "Physical Geography" was the first English textbook on Geography, starting with the overall structure of planet Earth * Remained in use until the early 20th century * It took an extended view of geography that included the Earth, its flora and fauna, as well as "the past and present condition of man, the origin, manners, and languages of existing nations, and the monuments of those that have been" * Emphasis on the reciprocal dependencies in physical geography and the relationship between human beings and nature.

In her dissertation, Williams sought to explore the factors that eventually lead to the erosion observed in the Anacostia River. Little had been done in terms of examining the upper and lower regions of the river and the basin sedimentation. The flooding of Bladensburg, Maryland precipitated the erosion and necessitated investigation. Williams concluded that, in addition to natural erosion, human activities, including deforestation, agriculture and urbanization, had accelerated the process. When the Industrial Revolution occurred, an abundance of trees offered a ready source of fuel, leading to mass deforestation in the regions surrounding the Anacostia River. Due to European settlement and agricultural processes that necessitated a mass deforestation of these trees, human activity was seen as the primary reason for the erosion which occurred in the Anacostia River. Marguerite’s assessment on the ways human activity leads to major environmental setbacks further denotes her significance in the geoscientific fields. As a result, she is considered to be one of the first scientists who scrutinized the impacts that humans have in deterring natural processes observed in the world.

Dusel-Bacon’s studies have involved deciphering the geologic and tectonic history of east-central Alaska utilizing geologic mapping, metamorphic petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, trace-element tectonic fingerprinting of (meta)igneous rocks, and geochronology (U-Pb zircon,40Ar-39Ar, and apatite fission track data) generated by collaborating scientists. Her studies also have included correlation of regional events in east-central Alaska with those in the western Canadian Cordillera; the age, character, and tectonic setting of submarine, syngenetic, hydrothermal mineral deposits (both volcanic- and sedimentary-hosted); and compilation of a Metamorphic Facies Map of Alaska. Cynthia Dusel-Bacon joined the USGS Branch of Alaskan Geology, headquartered in Menlo Park, California, in 1975. In 1977, during her third field season of geologic mapping in east-central Alaska, she was mauled by a black bear and lost both arms as a result of her injuries. Her disability has not kept her from enjoying a long and productive career that includes fieldwork in Alaska, petrologic studies, and publication of results.

Bascom's specialization in petrography focused on complex layers of rocks and mountains. The formations that took place there had been regarded as sediments previously however, the closer study of it done under microscopes proved them to be altered volcanics and not sediments which Bascom then named "aporhyolites" with the prefix of "apo-".[6]

Bascom contributed to a special type of identification for acidic volcanoes. Her article, "The Structures, Origin, and Nomenclature of Acidic Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain", begins by identifying various rock structures formed by the volcano. Bascom argues that South Mountain's rock formations have changed over time, with some rocks originally showing signs of being rhyolite, but now holocrystalline rock. These rocks defy the nomenclature used to identify rocks invented by German and English scientists, so she created prefixes to add to these pre-existing names, to identify acidic changes in rocks. The prefixes she came up with are meta-, epi-, and apo-. Bascom presented a second notable new conclusion regarding the cycles of erosion within Pennsylvania; earlier scientific thought was that the Piedmont province of Pennsylvania was made by two to three erosion cycles, while she discovered that there were at least nine cycles. Bascom found this by compiling a stratigraphic record of Atlantic deposit in the province, listing the depth, unconformities, and different grain sizes (like sand, clay, or gravel). The cycles occurred over a large period of time, with six cycles occurring in the post-Cretaceous period and three occurring in the Cretaceous period. This conclusion gave scientists new ideas about erosion cycles regarding their rate of occurrence and how to define a cycle. In 1896, Bascom worked as an assistant for the USGS. Her role in the team was to study crystalline schists in a square degree of area along eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as a portion of northwest Delaware. For part of her life as a teacher, Bascom simultaneously worked in the geological survey and her work lead to a multitude of comprehensive reports of geologic folios.

* Atekwana uses geophysics to understand the biogeochemical interactions at contaminated sites * Research investigates the effects of microbial-mediated processes on geological media * Some of her research evaluates the utility and resolution of in situ resistivity measurements combined with surface geoelectrical measurements to map contaminant distribution in the subsurface * Also uses the geoelectric and geophysical signatures of contaminated sites to investigate relationships between biological processes and their impact on electrical properties of geologic material.

2006 founder & president of Cool Globes, In a global nonprofit to raise awareness of global warming & inspire solutions through public art & education; 2011 established the Abrams Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Chicago Law School; substantive critic of the Keystone Pipeline and urged voters to oppose it; with husband, Jim, established The Eleven Eleven Foundation dedicated to environment, healthcare and social justice; established the Abrams Sustainable Business Challenge at Loyola University in Chicago;

research interests include space situational awareness, technology & algorithms for GPS-based position, navigation, & timing in space, airborne, marine & land environments, multipath characterization & correction & remote sensing using GNSS-based (GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems) reflectometry & radio occultation measurements; has contributed to receiver autonomous GPS integrity monitoring (RAIM), GPS bistatic radar & satellite formation flying using GPS

age 14 invented magnetic locker wallpaper so she could decorate her school locker & not have to scrape things off at the end of the year

* Perl, a Hungarian practicing gynecologist, was deported to Auschwitz Concentration Camp with her family. * She was told by Dr. Mengele to point out all the pregnant women; in order to save pregnant women in the camp from experimentation & death, she performed 100s of abortions. * Granted US citizenship in 1951 & worked at Mt. Sinai Hospital as the only female gynecologist on staff, specializing in infertility & diseases associated with pregnancy. * The 2003 movie ‘Out of the Ashes’ based on her life.

In the 1890s, Newman invented a hairbrush which contained evenly spaced rows of bristles with open slots to clear debris away from the hair and into a recessed compartment in the brush back. The brush also had a button which allowed the bristle holder to be removed from the back for cleaning of the brush. The U.S. patent 614,335 was filed on July 11, 1898 and granted on November 14, 1898. The hairbrush she invented was described in her patent as "simple and durable in construction" and being "very effective when in use". Modern hairbrushes still use Newman's design, with the only changes being aesthetic. Lyda's invention changed the hair-care industry, because her design made hairbrushes less expensive, easier to manufacture, and effective to use on textured hair.

With a Bachelor’s degree in art history and a Master’s degree in cultural studies, as well as professional experience in several major cultural institutions including the Walters Art Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Hillary ensures the Makeup Museum solidifies makeup's rightful place in museums and academia. Above all, she strives for for the Museum to be an agent of change within the cosmetics industry and beyond through analyzing both makeup history and contemporary beauty culture. Specialties include the overlap of fine art, art history and makeup, ‘90s/Y2K cosmetics, and little-known makeup histories.

The object of my invention is to enable the wearer of a mustache to convey soup and other liquids to his mouth by means of a spoon without danger of soiling or disfiguring his mustache; and this object I attain by combining with the bowl of a spoon a shield, a, in the manner shown in the perspective view, Figure 1, the shield being such that, while it permits the user of the spoon to receive into the bowl by the usual dipping process a proper quantity of soup, the latter can be conveyed to the mouth without any portion of the liquid being brought into contact with the mustache.

In 1987, Curtis filed a US patent application that subsequently issued as Patent No. 4,753,647. This is a modification of a diaper with a moisture-proof pocket containing wipes that can be taken out and used with one hand. Curtis refused to allow her invention to be marketed until companies started selling biodegradable diapers. The full statutory term of this patent expired February 20, 2007, and it is now in the public domain. She filed a second US patent application related to disposable diapers in 2016 which issued as US Patent 9,827,151.

Donovan, a mother tired of changing wet crib sheets, strongly felt that cloth diapers served "more as a wick than a sponge.” Donovan ripped her shower curtain off of the hanger, cut it into pieces, and sewed it into a waterproof diaper cover with snaps instead of safety pins. This led to a diaper cover with an insert for an absorbent diaper panel and a breathable parachute cloth. However, no big names manufacturers were interested, so she started manufacturing herself. In 1949, her waterproof diaper was a great success at Saks Fifth Avenue. A couple years later, she sold her company and her patents to Keko Corporation for a million dollars because even though she considered continuing her creation of a diaper with absorbent paper, executives apparently were not interested. The first mass-produced disposable diaper, Pampers, did not hit the shelves until 1961. Donovan's invention was made famous by Procter and Gamble in 1961 under the name Pampers.

Harper invented the reclining shampoo chair & cut-out sink to enhance the comfort of her customers. Her salons also offered scalp massage, child care, and evening hours. The hair products her company produced were intended to be healthier than those widely available at the time and were made largely with natural products.

In 1977, Smith was working with Lisa Lindahl on costumes for the William Shakespeare Festival. Lindahl was a keen athlete, and expressed discomfort when running in a regular bra. Together they came up with the design for a sports bra, and worked with Hinda Miller to source the materials and conduct a test run. When Smith visited New York for work, she returned with new fabrics – elastics and Lycra – and created a bra for Lindahl's measurements. Lindahl and Miller co-founded Jogbra, Inc.

Walker designed a method of grooming to promote hair growth and to condition the scalp through the use of her products. The system included a shampoo, a pomade stated to help hair grow, strenuous brushing, and applying iron combs to hair. Walker claimed that method made lackluster and brittle hair soft and luxuriant. In addition to training in sales and grooming, Walker showed other black women how to budget and build businesses and encouraged them to become financially independent. In 1917, inspired by the model of the National Association of Colored Women, Walker began organizing her sales agents into state and local clubs. She became the first female self-made millionaire in America according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

* Moore did research on the distribution and differences in blood types between Black and white Americans at Howard University College of Medicine. * The diverse university population included African Americans as a random sample for Black Americans. * Moore's experiment determined ABO blood types and the subgroups of ABO that are MN and Rh. * Comparison of her results to those of the other experiments suggested that Rh blood types might be a good starting ground for studying and building a foundation of knowledge about different racial backgrounds.

* Jeanes’ research led to the isolation of dextran-producing bacteria, providing for development of a mass production process * Dextran used in a dextran-based blood plasma extender, keeping someone who had lost a great deal of blood alive longer. * Used by medical personal in the Korean and Vietnam wars to treat injured soldiers. * Jeanes was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Service Award given by the Department of Agriculture in 1953.

* Lee said that she learned how to take blood, read blood cell counts, and identify blood types working in the Hemotology Lab at Los Alamos. * She was sent to different sites of the Manhattan Project where she would draw blood from individuals. * While working in the hematology lab at Los Alamos, Lee was assigned specific scientists to monitor, including Enrico Fermi.

* Pool discovered cryoprecipitation, a process for creating concentrated blood clotting factors for the treatment of hemophilia. * She observed that factor VIII can be simply & cheaply prepared from human plasma & can easily & safely be given to hemophiliac patients.

earliest known named author in world history; was rediscovered by archeologists in 1927; is believed to have written "The Exaltation of Inanna," "Inanna & Ebih," & Sumerian temple hymns

Dickenson and her infant daughter Angelina were among the survivors of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836

her fight for the rights of women & her insistent advocacy of her legal prerogatives as an unmarried gentlewoman of property were unusual for the times but consistent with English law; land she purchased in Virginia later became Old Town Alexandria & Fredericksburg & George Washington's Mount Vernon; today she is recognized as a "Founding Mother of Maryland"

her images documented the devastating effects of the Great Depression on American workers in the south especially African Americans; one of her earlier bodies of documentary work is a set of photographs of Pennsylvania coal miners she took for Survey Graphic; her photos showed the hardships of ordinary people who united to work for a better future in the face of adversity

* Alvord combines modern medical treatments with traditional Native American healing practices * Board certified as a surgeon. * Realizing that simply "fixing" the physical problem was not sufficient to fully cure a patient, Alvord began to address the psychological and spiritual aspects of healing as well. This led to a more holistic approach to medicine * Her autobiography, entitled "The Scalpel and the Silver Bear," describes her work to combine traditional Navajo philosophies of healthcare with Western medicine * research interests focus on Native American healthcare with surgical outcomes and decision-making in Native American patients.

Parker felt that the fireplace alone was not enough to keep her and her home warm during the cold New Jersey winter, and went on to design the first gas furnace that was powered by natural gas and the first heating system to contain individually controlled air ducts that distributed heat evenly throughout the building. In more technical terms, Parker's heating system used independently controlled burner units that drew in cold air and conveyed the heat through a heat exchanger. This air was then fed into individual ducts to control the amount of heat in different areas.[6][2] What made her invention particularly unique, was that it was a form of "zone heating" where temperature can be moderated in different parts of a building.[

filed patent 1957 & it was granted in 1959 for the fitted sheet with elastic garters to keep it snug & tight;