Innovations

Almeida succeeded in identifying viruses that were previously unknown, including—in 1966—a group of viruses that was later named coronavirus due to their crown-like appearance. Her immune electron microscopy (IEM) innovations and insights contributed to research related to the diagnosis of hepatitis B, HIV, and rubella, among other viral diseases. Her electron micrographs continue to be included in virology review textbooks, decades after she produced them. Almeida's work received new attention during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Her little-known story became known through multiple publications about her work. According to professor of bacteriology Hugh Pennington, Chinese scientists credited Almeida's work, including techniques she developed, with the early identification of coronavirus disease 2019.

In an effort to help maximize the utility of the zebrafish as a model organism, Hopkins and colleagues set out to develop a large-scale insertional mutagenesis method. Although large-scale chemical mutagenesis screens were getting underway in several zebrafish labs at the time, there were concerns in the community at the time that identifying the molecular lesions using positional cloning methods would be inefficient. Hopkins believed that insertional mutagenesis, which had been very successfully employed in invertebrate model organisms would provide a valuable alternative or adjunct to the chemical screens.for zebrafish development . Also earlier research on gene expression in the bacterial virus lambda and on mouse RNA tumor viruses; cancer prevention & early detection.

* Barabino’s thesis work involved studying the abnormal flow of blood in sickle cell disease, a topic she picked because it disproportionately affects African Americans. * She worked to understand the molecular mechanisms that cause red blood cells to stick together and adhere to the walls of blood vessels as they deform to pass through small capillaries in people with sickle cell disease. * She was awarded a PhD in 1986 and in 2007 Barabino moved to Georgia Tech, which was a center for sickle cell research.

development of piezoelectric materials processed into fiber structures & biomimetic materials that provide bioactivity & promote tissue repair; holds 14 patents

complete the first, gapless sequence of the human genome. Parts of the human genome are now available to study for the first time, allowing researchers to better understand genetic diseases, human diversity, and evolution.

co-leader of the team that fully sequenced the y chromosome, a feat that finally completes the set of end-to-end human chromosomes and adds 30 million new bases to the human genome reference, mostly from challenging-to-sequence satellite DNA; these bases reveal 41 additional protein-coding genes, and provide crucial insight for those studying important questions related to reproduction, evolution, and population change; research also discovered that DNA from the y chromosome had been mistaken in previous studies as bacterial in nature

* Bertozzi coined the term bioorthogonal chemistry for chemical reactions compatible with living systems * Allows researchers to chemically modify molecules within living systems * Won Nobel Prize in chemistry 2022 * Also worked on Click Chemistry, describing how synthetic chemistry could emulate the way nature constructs complex molecules, using efficient reactions to join together simple, non-toxic building blocks * While at Berkeley, discovered viruses can bind to sugars in the body.

* Blum helped identify the fire-retardant Tris as a carcinogen used in children's pajamas and worked to have it banned * Founded the Green Science Policy Institute (GSP) in 2007 to bring scientific research results to decision makers to protect the environment from toxic chemicals. * Institute works to create safer standards for consumer products including bedding materials, furniture, baby products & reduce the use of toxic chemicals in buildings * Conducts research on exposure to toxic chemicals & health of fire fighters, flight attendants, & US & Chinese workers.

* Goel examines the physics of life and the way nanomotors read and write information into DNA * Development of novel conceptual frameworks and theoretical models to describe molecular nanomachines: the dynamics, energy transduction, and coupling to their environment * Experimentally probe the single molecule dynamics of molecular machines that read/write DNA * Demonstrate precision control of nanomotors that read/write DNA * Develop nanoscale techniques to precision control nanomachines and harness them for nanomanufacturing.

one of the founders of modern biotechnology discoverer of Transgenic (now Genetically Modified) Plants; holds 18 patents

* Fernandis established the 1st Black social settlement house in the US in Washington DC, including a daycare, library, funding organization, training and playgrounds. * She established the Henryton State Hospital for Black tuberculosis patients.

opened the 1st bookstore devoted to mystery & detective fiction; began the 1st murder mystery weekend at Mohonk, NY in 1977

preserving freshness in fruits vegetables & flowers by surpressing ethylene; holds 2 patents

Began her botany career at age 50 travelling extensively throughout the Americas & collecting over 150 000 plant & flower speciments; has over 50 species of plants named after her; identified more than 500 new varieties of plants including 2 new genera; often travelled alone or with indigenous guides to collect her samples; 1st person to collect sample from what is now known as Denali National Park; canoed approximately 3 000 miles of the Amazon River from its delta to its source to collect specimens; her specimens are still being examined/studied

with Lois Jotter the first non-indigenous women to successfully run the Colorado River; first people to make a botanical survey of the region; 1938 expedition down the 660+miles of the Colorado included Norman Nevills (river guide), Lois Jotter (Clover's graduate assistant), Eugene Atkinson (Clover's graduate student who left the expedition because he was causing strife), Bill Gibson, Don Harris & later, Emory Kolb who was Atkinson's replacement; the expedition took 43 days in 3 boats built by Nevills & his father, catalogued the plants along the Colorado River; their survey of the plants is the only comprehensive survey of the riparian species in the era before the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam & is still used today; findings of the expedition appeared in an issue of the "American Midland Naturalist" in 1944;she undertook a 2nd expedition on the San Juan River & returned to Michigan through Texas collecting fossil plant specimens on the way; 1939 conducted an expedition to Havasupai Canyon in Arizona where she interviewed indigenous people of the area learning about their culture & the plants of the area; "Cactus of the Colorado River & Tributaries" was published in 1941; in later years studied flora of the deserts of Mexico, Guatemala & Haiti

expert on agrostology (study of grasses); 1913 discovered new species of fern in Puerto Rico; on her own time she studied botany at the National Herbarium & became an expert in the taxonomy of the Poaceae (formerly Gramineae) 1 of the largest plant families that includes lawn grass varieties & important crop species such as corn, rice, bamboo & grasses like barley, wheat & oats; with albert Spear Hitchcock mapped out & carried out an ambitious research program to observe, collect, describe, identify & classify all grasses in the Americas & wrote 3 books on their discoveries; spent 8 months on a self-funded expedition to Brazil & identified 5 rare species & 8 new species of pathogenic plant fungi; later returned to Brazil for another year of study; her book on grasses for beginners was used as a textbook & translated into Spanish & Portugese & is considered the standard for study;

* Chory has identified hormones that dictate the shapes & sizes of plants * Is developing the science to create plants with more of a natural polymer called suberin in their roots because it works as a stable carbon storage device * Research on a carbon dioxide removal approach to fight climate change by optimizing a plant's natural ability to capture and store carbon dioxide and adapt to different climate conditions.

is most famous for her untitled manuscript housed in the Botany Library of the British Museum since the mid-1800s in which she described the flora of the Lower Hudson Valley in the Newburgh region of NYS which included ink drawings of 340 different plants; developed her own technique for making ink impressions of leaves; for many of her drawings she included additional botanical details & culinary, folklore or medicinal uses for the plants including information from indigenous people; 1753 discovered a plant now known as Hypericum virginicum

credited with building the botanical collection at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) in San Francisco & is credited with saving the academy's type plant collection after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake retrieving 1,497 specimens from the damaged building; published over 310 scientific articles and authored 395 land plant species names; there are seventeen currently recognized species named for her, as well as the genera Eastwoodia and Aliciella; served as editor of the biological journal Zoe and as an assistant editor for Erythea before the 1906 earthquake, and founded a journal, Leaflets of Western Botany (1932–1966), with John Thomas Howell; wrote and published the first book on flora in central Colorado, A Popular Flora of Denver, Colorado, in 1893; helped found the American Fuchsia Society, the Tamalpais Conservation Club, the San Francisco Botanical Club, the California Botanical Club, the California Horticultural Society, & the California Spring Blossom & Wildflower Association

marine ecologist at the University of Maine known for her research on algae especially algal reproduction & the promotion of growing algae as a food source; Editor of the Journal of Phycology from 1996 until 2001; has modeled fertilization and the physical transport of gametes from algae; has tracked the movement of invasive species including periwinkles and the toothed wrack seaweed, Fucus serratus, where her research revealed that both originated from Ireland and Scotland and were likely carried in ballast rocks on ships that were moving materials across the Atlantic Ocean; her research on electrical currents measured during the development of wild carrot, a flowering plant, revealed that the chemical indole-3-acetic acid rapidly stopped the current in the plant's cells; led the team examining the genome of the red algae Porphyra and the resulting research revealed how they survive by transporting nutrients, protecting themselves from light, and form cell walls; her research has implications for aquaculture and the new marketing of sea vegetables, including Ascophyllum, as a new cash crop in Maine; was a key member of Maine’s Department of Marine Resources’ Rockweed Fishery Management Project Development Team in 2013;

studied southern pine trees & turpentine production; successfully developed methods to increase the yield & prolong the life of working trees; developed a program of "More turpentine, less scar, better pine"; during WWII wrote FPL wartime publications on defects in wood used for trainer aircraft and gliders; 1935 edited the comprehensive Naval Stores Handbook (201-pages) and contributed chapters on wood structure, physiology, and foreign naval stores production; breeder of Basenji's

discovered over 200 different algae species; compiled a book on marine algae of the Monterey peninsula, which later was expanded to include all of the California coast; authored eight books and over 150 publications; 1976 wrote "Marine Algae of California" the definitive study on Pacific Coast seaweed; established the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's underground major of Ethnobotany;

Austin is the first female & first African-American to hold the post of president & CEO of The Aerospace Corp. She is also co-founder of MakingSpace, Inc., a venture-backed, accessible talent acquisition and learning experience platform that allows companies to train and access pre-qualified disabled, overlooked, and underrepresented talent pools. Designed to bridge the education-employment gap, Making Space creates tangible pathways to employment and career advancement through employer-supported courses.

In 1825 Lukens took over the Brandywine Iron Works & Nail Factory after the death of her husband. At that time, the company was near bankruptcy after he had purchased the equipment to make boiler-plate for ships. Lukens turned the company around, paid off all debt & made it profitable. Lukens was the first industrial employer to build housing for her employees. During the Panic of 1837, instead of laying off her employees they continued to work, fixing & maintaining the factory. She has been called the country's first woman industrialist.

Launched modern retail franchising; introduced flex time profit sharing & paid personal time off in her franchises. first to offer franchising opportunities only to poor working women

2018 founder of Work & Mother a company that provides peaceful, private, and fully-equipped lactation suites to office buildings to help breastfeeding moms feel supported and secure; 2018 Founding Member Dreamers // Doers a highly curated, female-focused, collaboration and co-mentorship community, consisting of an ever-growing powerful network of entrepreneurs, investors and advisors;

President Barack Obama entrusted Burns with leading the White House national program on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) from 2009 to 2016. She is renowned for her tenure as the CEO of Xerox, serving from 2009 to 2016, making her the first black woman to lead a Fortune 500 company.

Seacole went to the Crimean War in 1855 with the plan of setting up the "British Hotel", as "a mess-table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers." However, chef Alexi Soyer told her that officers did not need overnight accommodation, so she made it instead a restaurant/bar/catering service. It proved to be very popular and she and her business partner, a relative of her late husband, did well on it until the end of the war. Her memoir, Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands, 1857, includes three chapters of the food she served and the encounters she had with officers, some of them high ranking, and including the commander of the Turkish forces.

with Irv Weissman discovered CD24 proteins role is to "signal" cancer cells from "being eaten" by macrophages (white blood cells); leader in the field of innate immunity in cancer & conducts research aimed at understanding the regulators of intratumoral macrophage function; Pheast Therapeutics (company she co-founded) aims to bolster innate immune responses to cancer by blocking the signal that certain cancer cells send to ward off the bodys immune system ; her research targets ovarian & breast cancers

has almost 10 years experience in cancer stem cell research; her mission during her space flight was to conduct stem cell & breast cancer research

* Taussig published a book on “Congenital Malformations of the Heart” after a decade of gathering material. * Considered to be the foundational text of pediatric cardiology as an independent field. * Credited with the development of treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot, most common cause of blue baby syndrome, using the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt she created with Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas. * Because she was deaf, Taussig developed a method of using her finger tips rather than a stethoscope to feel the rhythm of heartbeats. * Some of her innovations have been attributed to her ability to diagnose heart problems by touch rather than by sound.

* Fields used her hydrographic knowledge and skills to contribute to nautical charts used by the US Navy during 1991 Gulf War * Improved and streamlined nautical chart making process * First female African-American Director of NOAA’s National Ocean Service * Director of NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations from 1999 until her retirement in 2003.

* Norwood designed the Multispectral Scanner first used on Landsat 1, which enabled scientists to map & study the Earth. * She also designed the microwave transmitter Surveyor 1 used to transmit data & images back to earth. * Norwood continued to oversee Landsat 1-5 (#10 is scheduled for launch in 2030). * She has been referred to as "The Mother of Landsat". She holds 3 patents (1 is classified) for her contribution to the Landsat program.

co-founder of the National Historical Publishing Company, which is known for publishing historical maps; 1876 wrote "Minnesota, Its Geography, History, and Resources" & the text was considered groundbreaking for combining history, resources, and geography, an idea later used by other textbook publishers in the United States; before her marriage she was creator of historical wall maps that included historical events of countries; with husband Henry Slade Goff wrote "Goff's Historical Map of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies, 1898;" her collaboration with her husband produced over 100 historical maps, charts, and books, which included the historical atlas called "The United States and Her Neighbors" and the "Goff's Historical Map of the Philippine Islands;"her maps & annotations documented the world during her lifetime

* Seton established a religious community in Emmitsburg, Maryland, dedicated to the care of children of the poor. * This was the first congregation of religious sisters founded in the United States. Its school was the first free Catholic school in the country. * This modest beginning marked the start of the Catholic parochial school system in the United States.

* Aizenberg developed new biomimetic approaches for the synthesis of ordered mineral films with highly controlled shapes & orientations * Discovered unique biological optical systems that outperform technological analogs * Characterized the associated organic molecules * Continues research in biomimetics.

focused on improving the living conditions of the poor; 1995 co-founded PEER Africa Pty LTD to build energy efficient homes in post-apartheid S. Africa; participated in the clean up of Boston Harbor & worked with Dept of Defense & Dept of Hazardous Waste Remedial Actions Program;

as a high school student was 1 of 11 African-American students enrolled in Gadsden City High School an all-white school after Brown v Board of Education; did pioneering work and became an expert in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE used to decaffinate tea & coffee & increase flavor in cigarettes among other things); 2000 founded Education & Environmental solutions a company educating the public on the dangers of chemically polluting the environment; also studied thermodynamics homogenous nucleation and heat & mass transfer

worked on military vision systems for missiles used in both Gulf Wars; holds 6 patents

1998, led the team that created the nickel-hydrogen batteries ( Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen batteries) crucial for powering the International Space Station’s life support systems and scientific experiments; is an inventor of a patent directed at separator technology for alkaline batteries; work focused on energy storage technologies for improving space exploration; 2013 owner & founder of GS Matrix Consulting LLC